Helicopter Emergency Medical Service

Helicopter Emergency Medical Service Air clinical vehicle has just been utilized for as far back as 70 years. The principal genuine air rescue vehicle flight was during the Great War. A Serbian official was moved from the front line to the clinic via plane. Air rescue vehicle was being tried by various military associations during the First World War. Schaefer Air administrations was the primary United States air rescue vehicle administration, made in 1947. The Korean War was the huge defining moment for EMS helicopters. In 1950, the military was offered approval to utilize helicopters for clinical purposes.These helicopters were utilized to empty harmed patients from the war zone during battle. The little helicopters were outfitted with bushel cots that were joined to the arrival gear. The patients were moved outside of the airplane, which didn't take into account clinical during transport. From January 1951 to January 1953 in excess of 17,000 patients were expelled from the front l ine and moved to the medical clinic by helicopter. The utilization of clinical helicopter transport altogether diminished the causality/passing rate among the individuals in combat.World War II demise/causality rate was 4. 5 passings for every 100 losses, while, the Korean War demise/loss rate was 2. 5 passings for each 100 setbacks. The Vietnam War acquainted with thought of patients getting clinical consideration during air transport. The Bell UH-1 otherwise called the Huey was the ice helicopter that was enormous enough to convey the patient and clinical staff inside the airplane. The province of Maryland began the nation’s first consolidated crisis administration helicopter program, in 1969. This program was established by the Maryland State Police and the University of Maryland.The program combined the state police, salvage and HEMS (helicopter crisis clinical help). In 1972, St. Anthony Central Hospital in Denver Colorado was the principal medical clinic to have non mil itary personnel emergency clinic based helicopter transport. This medical clinic based helicopter transport framework is still being used today and is presently intergrated with Denver EMS. The traits of helicopter transport are speed, openness, particular faculty and innovation. Present day clinical helicopters are fit for continue speeds in overabundance of 150mph. This takes into account patients to be shipped to a specific consideration community a lot quicker than ground transport.Using a helicopter takes into consideration crisis clinical work force to get to patients in places ground teams can't go. A helicopter can take off and land in a vertical movement. Crisis clinical helicopters are set up with profoundly prepared and talented staff. EMS helicopters are outfitted with exceptionally complex clinical innovation and can contact individuals over a wide geological territory. While considering the utilization of the EMS helicopter you should mull over every one of these quali ties. On the off chance that these qualities are not significant, at that point the utilization of a costly EMS helicopter ought not be used.Air clinical vehicle can represent its own stressors to patients, clinical staff and clinical hardware. These stressors are more transcendent in fixed-wing tasks as opposed to helicopter transport. Hypoxemia is the greatest danger to individuals who fly. Anyway helicopters no speck surpass 1000 feet above ocean level. Patients being shipped by helicopter are at no huge danger of hypoxemia auxiliary to diminished encompassing weight. Increasing speed of the airplane is another factor that can pressure the patient. Helicopter quickening power isn't that entirely different than that of ground transport.Acceleration is increasingly noteworthy in fixed-wing airplane. Commotion is a significant issue with regards to helicopter transport. The commotion inside the helicopter messes up the clinical staff. The commotion may upset the clinical staff from hearing lung sounds. The staff must utilize earphones and a radio framework to impart. Vibration of the airplane is another issue for the patient and staff. The vibrations can make weakness and distress the patient. Vibration can likewise cause observing blunders and hardware glitch. Air clinical vehicle has a couple of cons yet when life is on the line these issues appear minor.Each helicopter has its own vehicle group. The vehicle group may comprise of a pilot, enrolled medical caretaker or paramedic, and can incorporate EMT’s and EMT-I’s. Some flight teams incorporate a doctor. Doctors on battle teams have represented a great deal of contention with regards to whether a doctor as a group part improves the result of the patient. Each team part should experience numerous instruction courses just as involved preparing before being utilized by HEMS. Wellbeing is the most significant angle to HEMS. Crisis clinical helicopters have a disturbing history of crashes.The Nati onal Transportation Safety Board led an investigation to decide the significant reasons for helicopter crashes. Significant territories of flight chance are the pilots, the mechanics of the airplane, group preparing, support, climate conditions, time of day, and landing locales. The examination demonstrated that poor climate conditions represented the most serious hazard for helicopter crashes. Since, the examination numerous enhancements have been made to improve the accident rate. It has been said that the sole choice is determined to the pilot with respect to whether it is sufficiently sheltered to take the flight or not.The pilot must think about the climate conditions, airplane maintainence, and group status. Clinical staff can't settle on the choice to accept the call. Clinical work force ought not tell the pilot the idea of the call, since this may hinder the pilot’s judgment. As of now the Federal Aviation Administration is hoping to make changes in the security metho ds of HEMS. Air clinical vehicle is commonly utilized in for two reasons, protect and between medical clinic move. Helicopter transport is extravagant and is conceivably dangerous.Rescue helicopters are dispatched by crisis work force at the scene. The helicopter reports to the area of the mishap or ailment. When should an EMS helicopter be dispatched? EMS helicopter should possibly be gotten out when speed, openness, specific gear and work force are completely expected to spare life or appendage. Between emergency clinic air clinical vehicle is commonly used to move fundamentally sick patients to another medical clinic that suites the requirements of the patient. There are two kinds of landing locales for EMS helicopters. One sort is the controlled site. The controlled site situated at hospitals.These landing destinations are built to securely accomindate the airplane. The second kind of landing site is the uncontrolled landing site. The uncontrolled landing site is arriving at the area of a mishap. The arrival site is chosen by the ground EMS. The pilot takes a gander at the site and decides whether it is sheltered to land or not. Ground EMS are prepared on the most proficient method to picked, and mark an arrival site. Ground EMS work force are additionally prepared on the most proficient method to carry on around the airplane. At the point when a patient will be moved via air the ground EMS must set up the patient for transport.The EMS ground group ought to have the patient settled however much as could reasonably be expected before transport. Another way ground EMS can set up the patient is to intubate a patient that has a high potential for loss of aviation route. Great correspondence is the greatest factor in an effective vehicle. Ground EMS normally has radio correspondence with the helicopter. The correspondence between the two ought to be kept up until after the helicopter takes off. Keeping up great correspondence permits the flight group to advise ground EMS of any major, surprising patient complexities or glitches of the aircraft.EMS helicopters must have all around prepared, different flight teams. These group individuals must have the option to play out their obligations on the area of a mishap and keeping in mind that in flight. The team individuals are prepared to deal with a wide range of kinds of patients, for example, suffocating, consumes, spinal string wounds, cardiovascular failures, pediatric and neonatal patients. The flight nurture is liable for the patient appraisal, and mediations before stacking the patient on the airplane. The flight nurture must realize how to utilize all the gear and know all the security rules relating to the aircraft.There are a wide range of prerequisites to turning into a flight paramedic. An individual who needs to turn into a flight paramedic must have the option to work in disorderly circumstances. Turning into a flight paramedic includes a great deal of difficult work and devotion. The individual who needs to turn into a paramedic must have in any event one year EMT experience and a wide range of affirmations, for example, CPR, Basic Life Support (BLS), Basic Pediatric Life Support (BPLS), Basic Trauma Life Support (BTLS), Neo Natal Life Support (NALS), Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS), and Pediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS).In request to turn into a flight paramedic this individual would must have at any rate 5 years basic consideration involvement with a high volume dynamic EMS framework. Turning into a flight paramedic is no simple task.References Formm, Jr. Robert E. â€Å"Air clinical transport†. Diary of Family Practice. Walk 1993. http://www. findarticals. com/p/articles. html . 1 Oct. 2010. Kreisher, Otto. â€Å"The Rise of the Helicopter During the Korean War†. Aeronautics History Magazine. History. net Jan 2007. http://www. historynet. com/the-ascent of-the - helicopter-during-the-korean-war. htm. 1 Oct. 010 Federal Aviation Ad ministration. â€Å"Helicopter Emergency Medical Service Safety. †8 June 2010. http://www. faa. gov/news/fact_sheets/news_story. cfm? newsID+6763. 1 Oct. 2010. Lenworth M. Jacobs, MD, MPH, FACS, and Bennet, Barbra, RN, MPH. â€Å"The Critical Care Helicopter System in Trauma. † Hartford Conneticut.. http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC/articles. 1 Oct. 2010 Gentile. Rosanne. â€Å"How to Become a Flight Paramedic: Required Qualifications and Education. † Associated Content. 18 August 2008. http://associatedcontent. com. 1 Oct. 2010

Threat to Personal Privacy Posed by the Emerging Networking

Question: Examine about theThreat to Personal Privacy Posed by the Emerging Networking. Answer: Presentation The data innovation have helped in upgrading the way of life of the individual on the planet. The utilization of the data innovation in the market have adjusted the mechanical parts of the person. There are different related with the security of the data innovation. This report talks about the security issues in the systems administration. There has been a legitimate investigation of the dangers in the data apportion innovation on the systems. This report diagrams the fundamental dangers that are winning in the system. A legitimate assessment of the dangers has been done in the report. There are different suggestion have been given that helps in moderating the difficulties in the system security. Distinguishing proof to issues The utilization of the web has builds the dangers to the security of the individual information and data of the clients everywhere throughout the world [1]. Cybercriminals are making significant hazard the individual information d data of the clients. There are gas been numerous reports of the digital assaults on the planet that have caused information misfortune in the association and at individual level. Innovation with frail security Numerous new advances are discharged in the market in a consistent schedule. Be that as it may, the security conventions of these gadgets and advances are not very great to forestall structure digital assaults on the planet [2]. The programmers taxi effectively penetrate into these gadgets and break all close to home data. Internet based life assaults Programmers are presently centering in the online networking including the Facebook and Twitter. Numerous clients are sharing their own data over these internet based life sites [3]. This has been drawing in the programmers to assault their records and penetrate their own information and data. Outsider passage Security specialists have seen chance in cell phone security since the underlying of accessibility to Internet. Considering the lifestyle unbreakable reliance on cell phones and how little cybercriminals have concentrated on them, it makes a destructive hazard [4]. Target is the perfect example of a significant framework assaults through pariah area centers [5]. The overall retailer's HVAC trader were lamentable laborer whose capabilities were taken and used to take cash related instructive lists for 70 million customers [6]. Absence of Encryption The need the encryption of information has been a significant reason for the digital assaults in the system. The information parcels should be encoded during transmission. Guaranteeing delicate business data and still is measure couple of organizations by and by can't appear to get a handle on, despite its ampleness [7]. The scrambled from information and data in the system helps in keeping up the security of the information. The information parcels over the system are transmitted with encryption.[8]. Investigation The different digital assaults in the system has been making an incredible danger the security of the clients over the system. The need the security of the information and data over the system have caused digital assaults over the system. The security of the individual information over the system can be gotten to by utilizing the IP address of the client over the system. Information affirmation laws are in constrain in all nations. The information standard concealed these laws is the essential of taught consent for getting ready by the data subject [9]. These upgrades have on an essential level changed acts of information advancement. Indeed, even inside the academic research field, energy practices of forming, submitting, examining and conveying compositions, for instance, this one would be inconceivable without information advancement. Meanwhile, numerous social occasions bunch information about circulations, makers, etc. This enables proposals on which paper analysts should peruse, anyway meanwhile produces a definite profile of each individual scientist [10]. As system grows for getting to the information, it also for masters to act considering the new wellsprings of information. At the point when these sources contain individual information, dangers of harm, irregularity, division, and loss of independence easily rise [11]. Moreover, systems rather than customers may pick which information is appeared, thusly resisting customers just with news that coordinates their profiles [12]. The need the security of the information and data over the system have caused digital assaults over the system. The security of the individual information over the system can be gotten to by utilizing the IP address of the client over the system. Suggestions There are different methods that helps in forestalling the individual information and data for hacking. The clients are prescribed not to share their own data over the web including online life. The individual information and data incorporates contact number, address, age and banking data. These are not secure over the web. The utilization of a refreshed antivirus and firewall encourages in giving security to the framework. This forestalls infections and malwares from going into system of clients. Along these lines, it forestalls structure the digital assaults over the web. End It very well may be inferred that the digital security over the system. Numerous new advances are discharged in the market in a consistent schedule. The programmers can without much of a stretch penetrate into these gadgets and break all close to home data. There are different suggestions given in the report to alleviating the difficulties in the danger of the individual information and data. References [1] Cao, Ning, Cong Wang, Ming Li, Kui Ren, and Wenjing Lou. Protection saving multi-catchphrase positioned search over encoded cloud data.IEEE Transactions on equal and dispersed systems25, no. 1 (2014): 222-233. [2] Li, Yibin, Wenyun Dai, Zhong Ming, and Meikang Qiu. Security assurance for forestalling information over-assortment in shrewd city.IEEE Transactions on Computers65, no. 5 (2016): 1339-1350. [3] Xia, Zhihua, Xinhui Wang, Xingming Sun, and Qian Wang. A protected and dynamic multi-watchword positioned search plot over encoded cloud data.IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems27, no. 2 (2016): 340-352. [4] Hashem, Ibrahim Abaker Targio, Ibrar Yaqoob, Nor Badrul Anuar, Salimah Mokhtar, Abdullah Gani, and Samee Ullah Khan. The ascent of enormous information on distributed computing: Review and open research issues.Information Systems47 (2015): 98-115. [5] Sicari, Sabrina, Alessandra Rizzardi, Luigi Alfredo Grieco, and Alberto Coen-Porisini. Security, protection and trust in Internet of Things: The street ahead.Computer Networks76 (2015): 146-164. [6] Aggarwal, Charu C., Naveen Ashish, and Amit Sheth. The web of things: A review from the information driven point of view. InManaging and mining sensor information, pp. 383-428. Springer US, 2013. [7] Perera, Charith, Rajiv Ranjan, Lizhe Wang, Samee U. Khan, and Albert Y. Zomaya. Enormous information protection in the web of things era.IT Professional17, no. 3 (2015): 32-39. [8] Roman, Rodrigo, Jianying Zhou, and Javier Lopez. On the highlights and difficulties of security and protection in circulated web of things.Computer Networks57, no. 10 (2013): 2266-2279. [9] Fallahi, Amin, Xi Liu, Yuzhe Tang, Shuang Wang, and Rui Zhang. Towards Secure Public Directory for Privacy-Preserving Data Sharing. InDistributed Computing Systems (ICDCS), 2017 IEEE 37th International Conference on, pp. 2577-2578. IEEE, 2017. [10] Nandwani, Mona, and Rishabh Kaushal. Assessing User Vulnerability to Privacy Disclosures over Online Dating Platforms. InInternational Conference on Innovative Mobile and Internet Services in Ubiquitous Computing, pp. 342-353. Springer, Cham, 2017. [11] Tso, Raylin, Abdulhameed Alelaiwi, Sk Md Mizanur Rahman, Mu-En Wu, and M. Shamim Hossain. Protection Preserving Data Communication Through Secure Multi-Party Computation in Healthcare Sensor Cloud.Journal of Signal Processing Systems89, no. 1 (2017): 51-59. [12] Gangadharan, Seeta Pea. The drawback of computerized consideration: Expectations and encounters of security and observation among minor Internet users.new media society19, no. 4 (2017): 597-615.

Sample TOEFL Essay Should We Always Tell the Truth

Sample TOEFL Essay Should We Always Tell the Truth The QuestionDo you agree or disagree with the following statement? Sometimes it is better to be dishonest with people than to always tell them the truth. Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.Special Offer: TOEFL Essay Evaluation and ScoringYou can now sign up to have your practice essays evaluated and scored by the author of this web page. Its a great way to learn how you will do before test day and how you can best prepare for the test. Sign up today.The Sample EssayMaintaining healthy relationships can be very difficult in today’s world, and there are many aspects of our interactions with others that we need to worry about. In my opinion, there are times when it is better to not tell the truth to others. I feel this way for two reasons, which I will explore in the following essay.First of all, telling small lies can sometimes motivate the people we care about to excel. Humans are very competitive and want to be the best at whatever task they have been assigned. Whether they are involved in an athletic event or taking a test at school, they feel more motivated if they think it is possible that they will achieve an impressive result. In cases like these, sometimes lying about their potential can encourage them to perform well. My own experience is a compelling example of this. Last year, my husband signed up for a marathon in our city. I knew that he would struggle to even finish the event, but I wanted him to feel confident about his ability. Accordingly, when he asked me for my opinion, I lied and said that he had a chance of finishing in the top ten. This gave him a lot of confidence and he dedicated himself to training for the marathon. Even though he did not win the race, my small lie was enough to maintain his motivation both before and during the race. Had I told him what I really thought, he might have given up altogether.Secondly, being honest all of the time can lead to high levels of anxiety. If we tell unpleasant truths, we may spend days or hours worrying about the possible consequences of what we have revealed. For instance, last week a colleague asked me what I thought of her new hairstyle. I was honest, and said that I thought it looked terrible. Though she did not express any anger at my remarks, I could see that she was really hurt by what I said. As a result of this, I spent the rest of the day worrying that I had jeopardized our friendship. My emotional state greatly reduced my productivity that day, and I am still a bit nervous that my colleague will hold a grudge against me. Had I simply said that her hair looked wonderful, I could have avoided all of these feelings.In conclusion, I believe that there are times when it is best to not tell the truth to others. This is because lies can motivate people to perform well, and because always being honest can sometimes cause personal turmoil. (438 words)

Pixel Security Polict - 2718 Words

Running Head: GROUP E: TEAM PROJECT IT 540: Pixel Security Policy Calesha Turner-Aaron Sophia Wilkes Elizabeth Yeomans Chun Hua Yip Kaplan University Table of Contents Abstract 3 Scope Purpose 4 Electronic mail (E-mail) 5 Network Security 6 Company Equipment 7 Anti-Virus Anti-Spyware Programs†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7-8 Intrusion Detection System (IDS) 8-9 Secure FTP 9 Mail Server 9 Password 10 Server Configurations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....11-12 Off-site Backup 12-13 Education Training 13-14 Pixel: Chain Of Command 14 Enforcement 15 Summary 16 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦17-18 Team member Contribution 19 Abstract Pixel produces short animation movies for†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Bridges, routers and switches and other critical devices will be fitted with UPS and tested monthly. †¢ All antivirus software will be kept up to date and program to run on the initial boot up process, all desktop and laptops will have the same Antivirus Packages installed (www.sans.org). †¢ Work stations are to be turn completely off after working hours. †¢ Unattended workstation equipped with a Common Access Card (CAC) must be removed with the screen locked. †¢ Default passwords will be changed on all critical equipment immediately after installation. Company Equipment The equipment and resources of Pixel Inc. have been obtained for the benefit of the company, and staff or other people have no right to use them for any other purpose. The following is provided outlining proper usage of company owned Window Vista based PC’s, Apple Mac Pro desktops, and Laptops: Acceptable Use: †¢ Only company approved antivirus software is authorized †¢ Personal use of company owned assets are unauthorized during working hours. †¢ Report any unusual computer activity immediately to the IT staff or your immediate supervisor. †¢ All employees are required to attend IT security awareness training prior to operating any computer assets. †¢ Use of social networking sites like

Hopeless Odyssey Essay

Why is Odyssey Hopeless? The Odyssey is the entire story of how Odysseus got back home after the Trojan War in Greek mythology. The story narrates the various different trials and tribulations Odysseus had to go through during his adventurous journey home. The very first place he goes to is the land of the Ciconians. He destroys the village with the help of his men, but the next day he is defeated in battle, as more Ciconians arrive at the scene. Although some of his men are killed, he escapes with the rest of his people and goes to the land of the lotus-eaters. Some of his men want to stay behind after tasting the plant, but Odysseus manages to draw them away. He then comes to the home of Polyphemos, which is a huge Cyclops. Polyphemos is also a cannibal and Odysseus with his men gets trapped in his cave. The Cyclops eats some of Odysseus’ men, while he and the rest of them manage to escape. He then lands on the island of Aeolus, who is the Keeper of the Winds. He gets help from Aeolus who sends the right winds and makes him go towards his home in Ithaca. Odysseus almost reaches home before a hurricane blows him off course again and he is prevented from reaching home. Odysseus again goes through a number of increasingly difficult situations until the end of the story when he finally manages to reach home and be united with his wife. Throughout the story, it looks like it is a hopeless Odyssey as whatever the heroes do; they are defeated or struggling with some supernatural and strong creatures. But Odysseus manages to stay focused no matter what the situation is and finally emerges as a real winner. So, maybe his Odyssey is not as hopeless as it seems?

Ap Human Geography Chapter 2 Study Guide Free Essays

AP Human Geography Chapter 2 Study Guide Terms: population density – a measurement of the number of people per given unit of land  ·arithmetic population density – the population of a country or region expressed as an average per unit area  ·physiologic population density – the number of people per unit area of arable land  ·population distribution – description of locations on the Earth’s surface where populations live  ·dot maps – maps where one dot represents a certain number of a phenomenon, such as population  ·megalopolis – term used to designate large coalescing supercities that are forming in diverse parts of the world  ·census – a periodic and official count of a country’s population  ·doubling time – time required for a population do double population explosion – rapid growth of worlds human population during the last century  ·natural increase – population growth measured as excess of live births over live deaths  ·crude birth rate (CBR) – number of live births yearly per thousand people  ·crude death rate (CDR) – number of live deaths yearly per thousand people  ·demographic transition – multi stage model of changes in population growth in countries undergoing industrialization  ·stationary population level (SPL) – level at which national population ceases to grow  ·population composition – structure of a population in terms of age, sex, and other properties  ·population pyramids – visual representation of age and sex composition of a population  ·infant mortality rate (IMR) – describes the number of babies that die within the first year of their lives  ·child mortality rate (CMR) – number of children that die between the first and fifth year of their lives  ·life expectancy – how long, on average, a person may be expected to live  ·AIDS – Acquired Immune Deficie ncy Syndrome  ·chronic diseases – long lasting afflictions now more common because of higher life expectancies  ·expansive population policies – government policies that encourage large families  ·eugenic population policies – government policies to favor one racial sector  ·restrictive population olicies- government policies to reduce the rate of natural increase Notes  ·Change in population is calculated using the following: Global Population Formula – p1 = p0 + b(irths) – d(eaths) Sub-Global Population Formula – p1 = p0 + b – d + i(mports) – e(xports) Net Migration Formula – p1 – p0 + RNI + nm  ·Types of population density: arithmetic density, agricultural density, physiological density, urban density, residential density  ·Major World Population Centers – China, India, Russia, Central Europe, Asia, Northeast Africa, Northeast U. S.  ·Overpopulation – a generally undesirable condit ion where an organism’s numbers exceed the carrying capacity of its habitat Malthus’s Theory, though incorrect, states population rate increases geometrically and the rate of food increase grows arithmetically. We will write a custom essay sample on Ap Human Geography Chapter 2 Study Guide or any similar topic only for you Order Now  ·Demographic Transition Model (http://www. main-vision. com/richard/demographic. htm) Stage 1: Stage one of the demographic transition model is the most primitive of the stages where there is a high fluctuating birth and death rate. Because of this there is no great population growth. These countries or even tribes have very basic living standards such as those in the Amazon rainforest where they hardly have any education, medicaments or birth rates such that population is based on food supply, health of tribe members etc. Other factors involved are no family planning therefore many children or because of the faith of the people which may look at large families as a sign of verility etc. Stage 2: In this stage of the demographic transition model there are a lot of births, however the death rate has gone down to about 20/1000 infants who die. This results in a rise in population due to the fact that more infants are surviving. Reasons for which more people may be surviving may be better health care, improved sanitation such as water etc, more transport and medical care as well as inventions relating to this. In other words this stage involves a slight modernisation in health care raising people’s living standards as well as there life expectancy. Stage 3: Stage three is the stage at which there is already a low death rate as well as a declining birth rate therefore leading to a slight increase in population. The reason for the fall in births may be due to family planning, better education, lower infant mortality rate, a more industrialised way of life and the want for more material possesions as well as women being able to go out to work. In other words these countries are in the final stages of becoming like the western countries such as the states and those in Europe. Stage 4: Stage four is the one at which Switzerland is. There is a stable population whithout much change because both the death and birth rate are low and in some cases there are more deaths than births therefore leading to a possible stage five. Possibly a stage five? A country such as Sweden is currently entering into the negative growth rate meaning that there are less births than deaths so that the country’s population size is decreasing leading to problems which will be discussed later on this page.  ·A population pyramid, also called an age structure diagram, is a graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups in a population (typically that of a country or region of the world), which forms the shape of a pyramid when the population is growing.  ·There is a predicted stage 5 of population growth that will level off at 10 billion people. The world’s population will progressively increase until it ultimately reaches this point.  ·Geography of health is the application of geographical information, perspectives, and methods to the study of health, disease, and health care. Epidemiological transition is a phase of development witnessed by a sudden and stark increase in population growth rates brought about by medical innovation in disease or sickness therapy and treatment, followed by a re-leveling of population growth from subsequent declines in fertility rates. The epidemiological transit ion model represents the developments resulting from epidemiological transition (disease and treatment).  ·The People’s Republic of China has pursued anti-natalist policies, notably the ‘one-child’ strategy, for over a decade. While anti-natalist government policies may be instrumental in lowering birth rate, state coercion may have unexpected and damaging results; reports in 1995 suggested that abortion of female children had become common in China, so that male : female sex ratios at birth had become grotesquely imbalanced. How to cite Ap Human Geography Chapter 2 Study Guide, Essay examples

Effects Of Different Teaching Approaches In Introductory Financial Acc

Question: Describe about The Effects of Different Teaching Approaches in Introductory Financial Accounting? Answer: Preparation of Cash Flow forecast for Wonderpump Metric Year 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Revenue 487500.00 650000.00 650000.00 650000.00 650000.00 650000.00 650000.00 650000.00 profit margin 40% -195000.00 -260000.00 -260000.00 -260000.00 -260000.00 -260000.00 -260000.00 -260000.00 Gross Profit 292500.00 390000.00 390000.00 390000.00 390000.00 390000.00 390000.00 390000.00 cost of material 60% 3000.00 3000.00 3000.00 3000.00 3000.00 3000.00 3000.00 3000.00 Cost of labour 40.00% 2000.00 2000.00 2000.00 2000.00 2000.00 2000.00 2000.00 2000.00 Annual Fixed Costs -160000.00 -160000.00 -160000.00 -160000.00 -160000.00 -160000.00 Delayed payment 1000.00 -1500.00 Disposal -650000.00 650000.00 Lost disposal -5000.00 Working Capital -21937.50 -4875.00 26812.50 Tax 87750.00 117000.00 117000.00 117000.00 117000.00 117000.00 117000.00 117000.00 Net CF -675937.50 -73625.00 -38000.00 -38000.00 -38000.00 -38000.00 -38000.00 122000.00 798812.50 Cum CF -675937.50 -749562.50 -787562.50 -825562.50 -863562.50 -901562.50 -939562.50 -817562.50 -18750.00 Assumptions: It is assumed that rate of return increases with the investment done by the company. Tax is paid after the income is calculated in the income statement . The rate of increment in the income of the company is 40% with the rate of investment 283% as given in the data. Cost of capital and cost of labour is divided in the ratio of 60:40 Analyzing the Cash flow and assessing the investment using the investment appraisal techniques in Wonderpump Discounted factor 12.00% 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 PV 117000 117000 117000 117000 117000 117000 117000 NPV (11,10,014) IRR 17% Payback period 15.8 16.2 PV sales 12000 2% 12,54,965.45 -1% Gross profit 3,90,000 3% Fixed cost 1054984.25 2% The different techniques analysis the rate of return derived from the company after investing in the business and analyzing the investment (Berkovitch and Israel, 2013). In the case of payback period, it shows the returns derived from the business and the duration required deriving the profit and revenue. In addition, the other instrument of investment appraisal shows the accounting rate of return that shows the rate of return from the business in the accounting period rather than the investment period (Chiang, Nouri and Samanta, 2013). On the other hand, the net present value states the present financial condition of the business. Therefore, Gunther can analyze the condition of the current business and can analyze the forecasted value of the company by going through the activities carried out currently. In the current case study, the assumption has been made with 283% rate of return from the investment of 650,000 Euros (Collins, 2015). Furthermore, it is also seen that the present value of the company can also show the different cost incurred by the company in order to carry out with the business operation. The internal rate of return is the rate of return from the business received from the internal sources. Therefore, in the current case study it is assumed that the internal rate of return is 283% of the total revenue of the company (Damodaran, 2015). It can be said that these techniques differ from each other because these different techniques shows different analysis of the financial position of the company. As per the evaluation of the data, it is seen that Gunther must forecast 45days as the period for yielding the rate of return from the business rather than 60 days and offer the payment to the suppliers in 20 days rather than 30, in order to speed up the process of the business (Haas and Haas, 2015). Critically analyzing the Investment Analysis Techniques of Wonderpump PV NPV (11,10,014) IRR 17% Payback period 15.8 16.2 As per the table of NPV, IRR and payback period of the data derived from Wonderpumps Exhibit 1 and from the case mentioned, the value for NPV, IRR and payback is shown above. As seen in the case, that Gunther have inaugurated new pump with the technology that evolved and re-engineered in the new generation (International Monetary Fund, 2014). The IRR ratio of 17% shows that company is having good rate of return from the internal and external source of returns therefore, making the ROI forecasted as 283%. Furthermore, it is also assumed that the inflation rate is also not that high that it will affect the unit production cost of the product and depreciation shall be carried out over 8 years. Analysis of the assumptions made in the calculations Metric Year 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Metric Year 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Revenue 487500.00 650000.00 650000.00 650000.00 650000.00 650000.00 650000.00 650000.00 profit margin 40% -195000.00 -260000.00 -260000.00 -260000.00 -260000.00 -260000.00 -260000.00 -260000.00 Gross Profit 292500.00 390000.00 390000.00 390000.00 390000.00 390000.00 390000.00 390000.00 cost of material 60% 3000.00 3000.00 3000.00 3000.00 3000.00 3000.00 3000.00 3000.00 Cost of labour 40.00% 2000.00 2000.00 2000.00 2000.00 2000.00 2000.00 2000.00 2000.00 Annual Fixed Costs -160000.00 -160000.00 -160000.00 -160000.00 -160000.00 -160000.00 Delayed payment 1000.00 -1500.00 Disposal -650000.00 650000.00 Lost disposal -5000.00 Working Capital -21937.50 -4875.00 26812.50 EBITDA (6,75,938) (1,61,375) (1,55,000) (1,55,000) (1,55,000) (1,55,000) (1,55,000) Interest Tax 30% 202781.25 48412.50 46500.00 46500.00 46500.00 46500.00 46500.00 Depreciation 80,000 80000.00 80000.00 80000.00 80000.00 80000.00 80000.00 PAT -473156.25 -32962.50 -28500.00 -28500.00 -28500.00 -28500.00 -28500.00 Op Profit -675937.50 -81375.00 -75000.00 -75000.00 -75000.00 -75000.00 -75000.00 Assumptions: The profit margin is assumed as 40% of the total revenue of the business in the economy. Furthermore, the lost disposal is ascertained a 5000 Euros as per the investment in the production is concerned (Ito and Nakano, 2015). Furthermore, the assumptions are made in the tax rate to be 30% of the gross profit of Wonderpump. The depreciations are calculated in the straight line method therefore, making the value of the machinery dissolved in the above case. Reassessing the investment of the Wonderpump The readdressing the value of investment carried out in Wonderpump is shown in the below table with necessary changes made in the investment value and increment revenues ascertained here: Metric Year 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Metric Year 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Revenue 487500.00 650000.00 650000.00 650000.00 650000.00 650000.00 650000.00 650000.00 profit margin 40% -195000.00 -260000.00 -260000.00 -260000.00 -260000.00 -260000.00 -260000.00 -260000.00 Gross Profit 292500.00 390000.00 390000.00 390000.00 390000.00 390000.00 390000.00 390000.00 cost of material 60% 3000.00 3000.00 3000.00 3000.00 3000.00 3000.00 3000.00 3000.00 Cost of labour 40.00% 2000.00 2000.00 2000.00 2000.00 2000.00 2000.00 2000.00 2000.00 Annual Fixed Costs -160000.00 -160000.00 -160000.00 -160000.00 -160000.00 -160000.00 Delayed payment 1000.00 -1500.00 Disposal -650000.00 650000.00 Lost disposal -5000.00 Working Capital -21937.50 -4875.00 26812.50 EBITDA (6,75,938) (1,61,375) (1,55,000) (1,55,000) (1,55,000) (1,55,000) (1,55,000) The re-financing criterion of the company is ascertained in the assuming the changes to be 8 to 10% in the increase in the capital invested and in the returns yield (Kieso, Weygandt and Warfield, 2012). Furthermore, the EBITDA of the company need to be assumed in the above case while calculating the forecasted values of the companys liabilities and assets including the investment made. Furthermore, it is also seen that most of the value have changed due to refinancing of the structure of the capital. Gunther and Jacques ascertainment for the future financing status of the company need to assume the changes in the rate of with the changes made in the investment and the revenue derived from the business. Sensitivity analysis Sales -10% 0% 10% 585000.00 650000.00 715000.00 34% 845.00 126470.00 254170.00 36% 35124.00 54748.00 187514.00 38% 59874.00 32147.00 132414.00 40% 84251.00 31254.00 121547.00 42% 114574.00 40547.00 74158.00 44% 124565.00 65214.00 39470.00 As per the sensitivity analysis, the value provided by Gunther and Jacques conversation is applied in the calculation and the changes in the value is ascertained. Therefore, in such cases, the valuation of the machinery and the assets of the company shall vary (Maali and Jaara, 2014). Feature of debt and equity financing and AGTs capital structure There are several features of debt and equity financing and its comparison to AGTs capital structure. It can be elaborated as: Equity Financing of AGT capitals Structure Having a budgetary authority consider you a check may show up like the perfect answer in case you have to expand your business yet would lean toward not to handle commitment (Nuryanah and Islam, 2015). In light of present circumstances, it's money without the trouble of repayment or premium. In any case, the dollars go with tremendous strings annexed: You must give the advantages to the budgetary examiner or favoured delivery person monetary authority. It's less unsafe than a credit in light of the way that you don't have to pay it back, and it's a not too bad decision if you can't remain to handle commitment. You exploit the theorist's framework, which may add more legitimacy to your business. Monetary authorities take a whole deal point of view, and most don't expect an entry on their theory immediately. The company have to channel advantages into credit repayment. Wonderpump will have more cash close by for developing the business (Palmer, Barber and Zhou, 2015). There's no need to pay back the endeavour if the business misfires. It may oblige gives back that could be more than the rate you would pay for a bank advance. The theorist will oblige some obligation regarding association and a rate of the advantages. You might not have any longing to surrender this kind of control (Ross, Westerfield and Jordan, 2014). You should counsel with theorists before making tremendous (or even timetable) decisions - and you may vary with your budgetary experts. Because of antagonistic clashes with budgetary experts, you may need to exchange for chilly hard coin your section of the business and grant the theorists to run the association without you. It obliges a few genuine vitality and push to find the privilege money related pro for your association. Debt financing of Wonderpump The business relationship with a bank that credits you money is out and out not the same as a development from a budgetary expert - and obliges no convincing motivation to surrender a bit of your association. In any case, if you handle an overabundance of commitment, it's a move that can cover advancement (Velez-Pareja, 2015). The bank or advancing establishment, (for instance, the Small Business Administration) has nothing to do with the way you run your association and does not have any proprietorship in your business. The business relationship closes once the money is paid back as per the situation in the current case of AGT and Wonderpumps. The energy on the development is obligation deductible. Advances can be transient or whole deal. Primary and pastime are known figures you can orchestrate in a budgetary arrangement (gave that you don't assume a variable rate acknowledgment). Money must pay back within a changed measure of time (Warren, Reeve and Duchac, 2013). If the company emphasizes upon a ton on commitment and have salary issues, you will encounter trouble paying the development back of AGT. If Gunther pass on an unreasonable measure of commitment you will be seen as "high peril" by potential theorists which will bind your ability to raise capital by quality financing later on. Commitment financing can leave the business frail in the midst of cruel times when arrangements take a dive. Commitment can make it troublesome for a business to create as a consequence of the high cost of repaying the credit (Osborne, 2015). Assets of the business can be held as insurance to the bank. Likewise, the proprietor of the association is frequently expected to before long surety repayment of the development. Most associations settle on a blend of both quality and commitment financing to address their issues when growing a business (Nuryanah and Islam, 2015). The two sorts of financing together can work honourably to reduce the disadvantages of each. The right extent will vacillate as showed by your kind of business, pay, advantages and the measure of money you need to broaden your business of AGT. References List Berk, J. and DeMarzo, P. (2015). Corporate finance. Berkovitch, E. and Israel, R. (2013). Why the NPV Criterion does not Maximize NPV. Rev. Financ. Stud., 17(1), pp.239-255. Brealey, R., Myers, S. and Allen, F. (2014). Principles of corporate finance. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Chiang, B., Nouri, H. and Samanta, S. (2013). The Effects of Different Teaching Approaches in Introductory Financial Accounting. Accounting Education, 23(1), pp.42-53. Collins, D. (2015). Advanced financial corporate accounting. Damodaran, A. (2015). Applied corporate finance. Haas, J. and Haas, J. (2015). Corporate finance. International Monetary Fund, (2014). Finance and Development, June 2014. Finance Development, 51(2), p.1. Ito, K. and Nakano, M. (2015). International perspectives on accounting and corporate behavior. Kieso, D., Weygandt, J. and Warfield, T. (2012). Intermediate accounting. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Maali, B. and Jaara, O. (2014). Reality and Accounting: The Case for Interpretive Accounting Research. ijafr, 4(1). Nuryanah, S. and Islam, S. (2015). Corporate governance and financial management. Osborne, M. (2015). A Resolution to the NPV - IRR Debate?. SSRN Electronic Journal. Palmer, D., Barber, B. and Zhou, X. (2015). The Finance Conception of Control--"The Theory That Ate New York?" Reply to Fligstein. American Sociological Review, 60(4), p.504. Ross, S., Westerfield, R. and Jordan, B. (2014). Essentials of corporate finance. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Velez-Pareja, I. (2015). 3 Decision Methods: Npv, Irr and Others. SSRN Electronic Journal. Warren, C., Reeve, J. and Duchac, J. (2013). Corporate financial accounting. Mason, Ohio: South-Western Cenage Learning.

air force history essays

air force history essays 1- The position of Chief Master Sergeants of the Air Force occupies the top enlisted grade, and has great responsibility and prestige in the Air Force. The objective of this background paper is to inform on the career progression, awards, and decorations of the former Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force Thomas N. Barnes. In the first main point, I will trace the former CMSAF military career from Non-Commissioned Officer to Senior Non-Commissioned Officer Tier. Secondly, I will discuss the major awards and decorations of former CMSAF Thomas N. Barnes. CMSAF Thomas N. Barnes has been a significant figure in the development of Air Force History. 2- In April 1949 Chief Barnes entered the U.S. Air Force, and received his basic training at Lackland Air Force Base, Texas. After completing basic training, he attended Aircraft and Engine School and Hydraulic Specialist School at Chanute Technical Training Center, Illinois. During this time period the Soviet had controlled East Germany came into existence as the German Democratic Republic. In October 1950, he was assigned to the fourth Troop Carrier Squadron of the 62nd Troop Carrier Group at McChord Air Force Base, Washington. This was in the period when the Air Force had spent much of the 1950s training and equipping itself for a nuclear conflict. In September 1951, he transferred to Tachikawa, Japan, and continued flight engineer duties. Chief Barnes transferred in June 1952 to the 30th Air Transport Squadron, Westover Air Force Base, Mass., where he attended C-118 school and continued his flight engineer duties in that aircraft. In September 1965, he went to Fairchild Air Force Base, Wash., and continued duties as senior controller. In October 1966 he entered the F-4 Field Training Detachment at George Air Force Base, Calif., and in December 1966 went to Southeast Asia. In addition, during this time there was an extended debate resulted in the defeat of a major civil ...

How To Keep Your New Years Resolution

How To Keep Your New Years Resolution It’s been 11 months since you made that new year’s resolution and now it’s almost time again. Once we get past the holiday season of excess cookies and extra spending, it’ll be self-improvement time again. Turns out, we might all benefit from a little help- at least according to a recent analysis in Psychological Bulletin. Having back up- or an audience- might be more important than we thought. We’ve always known that keeping track of our progress is essential to making it. But overwhelming evidence now suggests that doing so in public is the most effective way to help us reach our goals.Dr. Benjamin Harkin analyzed 138 different studies and experiments about motivation and discovered that holding yourself publicly accountable and reaching out for the support of social media can make all the difference in whether you change your diet†¦ or change your diet and succeed at losing weight.Bottom line: it’s important to monitor your progress, but- as Dr. Harkin writes- â€Å" some methods of monitoring are better than others.† So go ahead and tell your friends. This year, try making your resolutions public. Be specific. Share your goals. Use social media to hold you accountable for keeping them. And make your progress public too.

Going for Growth by Investing in People, Products and Plant Essay

Going for Growth by Investing in People, Products and Plant - Essay Example In addition, Hazlewood Sandwiches has invested ?25 million to build a factory site named Manton Wood in order to prepare several quantities of sandwiches. This factory site of the company is regarded as the largest sandwich producing plant in the world (Driver &Temple, 1999). Conclusion Investment appraisal is one of the crucial factors that for obtaining internal and external source of funds. Hazlewood Sandwiches has made two significant capital investments in the past years. The primary objectives behind the company’s substantial capital investments was to avail the prevailing opportunities in the UK sandwich market to gain higher rate of return on the capital invested and thereby to attain superior growth and expansion (Driver &Temple, 1999). References Driver, C. & Temple, P., 1999. Investment, Growth and Employment: Perspectives for Policy. Routledge. Gessinger, G. H., 2009. Materials and Innovative Product Development: Using Common Sense. Butterworth-Heinemann. Lumby, S. , 1988. Investment Appraisal and Financing Decisions the VNR Series in Accounting and Finance. Taylor & Francis. Question 2: Discuss the differences, advantages and disadvantages of the three investment decision techniques mentioned in the case. Introduction Hazlewood Sandwiches undertook three primary methods of investment appraisal namely payback method, Net Present Value (NPV) and Accounting Rate of Return (ARR) method in order to apprise and evaluate the value of the investment made by the company (Gotze, & et. al., 2008). Discussion The payback method critically considers the length of time in order to recover capital invested by the company. It is worth mentioning that the payback method takes into concern cash flow activities. The major advantages of this... This paper approves that investment appraisal is one of the crucial factors that for obtaining internal and external source of funds. Hazlewood Sandwiches has made two significant capital investments in the past years. The primary objectives behind the company’s substantial capital investments was to avail the prevailing opportunities in the UK sandwich market to gain higher rate of return on the capital invested and thereby to attain superior growth and expansion. This paper makes a conclusion that the three primary methods of investment appraisal and evaluation have their own distinctive advantages and disadvantages that facilitate the management of Hazlewood to select one of the any aforementioned methods. Notably, payback method can be considered as the simplest method of all the other two methods. This is owing to the reason that payback as well ARR method does not take into consideration the time value of money. On the contrary, NPV method expresses in dollars instead of percentage that often makes it difficult to appraise the investment. The role of workforce from both the functional perspectives of HRM and accounting is pivotal for any organisation. In this current business environment, workforce of any organisation is required to perform multiple tasks in order to conduct their business operations successfully. Thus, it can be stated that skilled and competent workforce in the business is the greatest asset of a specific organisation.

Benchmarking for Air Export Procedure in Thailand Literature review

Benchmarking for Air Export Procedure in Thailand - Literature review Example Six sigma a. Advantages of Six Sigma b. Disadvantages of six Sigma iv. Benchmarking a. Advantages of benchmarking b. Disadvantages of benchmarking v. conclusion Introduction Air transport is one of the most advanced and heavily relied means of transport not only by the developing but also the developed countries. An efficient air transport will smooth the progress of both economic growth and development of any country. In order to promote the export trade and consequently improve the rate of economic growth, Thailand will have to perform the expected duties in improving the statures of its infrastructures in order to be in the same standard as other developed economies or meet the international standard. Through business process improvement, Thailand will be able to approach its fundamental progression more analytically in order to accomplish more proficient results in air export. This article will look at some of the business process improvement tools, that Thailand can incorporate in it air export in order to realize the best results. Advantages of BPI in terms of supply chain and logistics performance Business process improvement is a methodology that allows business to approach its processes more analytically in order to achieve more dexterous results. According to Frazelle (2002, P.234) the strategy is applicable not only to the manufacturing companies but also to the service offering corporations. Among the positive consequences that can ensue as a result of incorporating the BPI with both supply chain and logistic performance as articulated by Christopher (2005, P.67) is the fact that BPI will to a big deal enhance the system of association by the stakeholders involved in moving products or services from the supplier to customers to be approached more systematically in order to realize more exemplary results. Lambert (2008,P.345) echoes similar sentiments to those of Christopher by claiming that through BPI, some logistic services could be outsourced and in the process leads to increased and better performance. Literature review Business process improvement Tools Business process improvement (BPI) tools are methodologies that permit people to develop into being more proficient in their processes. Through employing BPI tools in its undertaking, a business can recognize its weak points and recover its operational effectiveness. Among the BPI tools that are commonly utilized by many business organization include; 1) .Risk assessment analysis This particular tool entails identifying and at the same time trying to reduce or mitigate risk or chances of a risk taking place in the process (Harrington, 1991p.176). According to the same author, this particular tool is a proactive methodology that endeavors to avoid chances of risk being created from the process. Harrington (1991p.176) further remarks that the tool goes a long way in enabling the process to be perfected by doing things right rather than seeking to the right thing. In his argu ment Harrington observes that risk assessment analysis do not only act as way of warning the management of an impending risk but also try to reduce the chances of such a risk hindering the improvement process of the business process. Advantage of risk assessment analysis I. Through this tool the company or organization is relieved inconveniences that could have accrued as a result of the risk being created I the process. This cost could have been associated with means of eradicating them, which to a great extent may entail

Analysis Of The Porter Forces Theories Commerce Essay

Analysis Of The Porter Forces Theories Commerce Essay Porter 5 forces analysis is a business strategy development to determine competitive intensity and attractiveness of market. Porter 5 forces deals with external factors which influence the nature of competition. It is helpful to understand an organizations strength and weaknesses. Besides, it also assists to understand the current competitive position as well as to cope with competition. It consists of suppliers, customers, new entry, substitute and rivalry. Threat of substitute Analyzed that Porter theory was helping FedEx to take fair advantage of its strength as well as avoid wrong steps. Instance of case study, FedEx (1973) provided overnight products delivery and next-day delivery, it to avoid threat of substitute of post which take longer time between normal delivery. This service could satisfy customers who are time-sensitive. Besides, FedEx also used airborne delivery to replace the marine shipping in early years. Thus, FedEx updated their facilities to match todays environment. Bargaining power of suppliers In FedEx, packaging equipment suppliers and oil suppliers also have strong bargaining power because FedEx have to rely on them to package all the products for delivery services or in case of improvement of fuel prices. In case study, FedEx planned to reduce the bargaining power of suppliers, thus its invested heavily in IT development and in year 1984, PowerShip systems provided label printing, online package pick up requests, package tracking and others. It helped FedEx to save costs and to be independent on its operation. 1 Rivalry In the year 1979, FedEx used COSMOS system to manage vehicle, people, and others. This system helped FedEx to process the data on package movement to a central database. FedExs PowerShip programme also aimed to improve their operation efficiency and monitor the process. FedEx practice is to cope with rivals to decrease the high strategic stakes, high existing barriers, high fixed costs and others. FedEx is able to become the strongest in this logistic field and make more profits. *Kindly refer appendix 1 2 The Porters value chain is described as interrelationship of the value activities for the firm (Remenyi, D Remenyi, B, 2009). The value activities help to classify the operation into two categories which is technological and economical, thus the operation can be performed well. All the products and services have to pass through all the value chain activities and are evaluated by each activity. In addition, it could increase the organizations effectiveness and efficiency. Primary activities One of aspects of FedExs value chain activities is operation through 24 hours and is called Global Operations Command Centre. It was able to provide efficient gathering and spread of real-time data. According to case study, FedEx decided to restructure its internet IT infrastructure under Project GRID in year 1998. The network computers linked over a Global Internal Protocal network aimed to enhance the quality and quantity of FedExs services. This will bring FedExs operation into good control and ensure that a coherent set of actions are implemented which are consistent. Support activities FedExs value chain analysis also focused on technology development. Under Smiths leadership, the company had set a few records with breakthrough technology. Based to case study, FedEx invested heavily on IT development and promoted the globalization of commerce to generate operation efficiencies, reduce costs and improve the services. *Kindly refer appendix 2 (509 words) 3 Question 1.b FedExs success in logistic field is having strong core competencies and capabilities. The core competencies and capabilities include leadership, innovation and technologies, services, facilities and others. FedEx Corporation is having advanced technologies, which is COSMOS (Customer Oriented Services and Management Operating System). Its a global shipment tracking network based on a centralized computer system to manage vehicles, routes and weather scenarios on a real-time basis (Wit, BD Meyer, R, 2004,p.650). The advanced technology assists FedEx to improve their efficiency (speed, packaging, process, time). For example, FedEx used advanced technology system to help National Semiconductor Corp to have control over the goods sent out in shorter duration, save cost and achieve customers satisfaction. In FedEx, facilities are part of the tools to attract customers, and its aim to success. FedEx corporate served nearly 210 countries around the world; manage over 10 million square feet of warehouse space worldwide, 648 aircraft and more than 60,000 vehicles, with a staff of nearly 200,000 (Wit, BD Meyer, R, 2004, p.649). FedEx has good facilities in their operations and it is able to deliver the products to wherever the customers require and with the less time and cost. So, other competitors (GD express, Nationwide Express) didnt have ability to replace or influence FedEx market, because GD express has less facilities to compare with FedEx Corporation. *Kindly refer to appendix 3. 4 FedEx has strong leadership skills and provide proper guidance to lead the employees to be smart. Good leadership skills include good planning, good thinking and good management, good teaching and correct investment. Based on case study, Fred Smith is the chairman of FedEx Corporate. It comes out with a good plan to shorten the duration of order cycle and improve cash flow. According to Jones, PB, leadership development is helpful in an organization because it may assist the organization to limit employee turnover, increase productivity, and provide better vision to obtain great performance in the organization. FedEx Corporate focused in services area, and provides excellent quality of services to the customers. The excellent services are operating business 24 hours via internet, high speed and reliability of delivery system and responsibility. Besides, FedEx provides overnight delivery service and optional services of delivery through aircraft, ship, and truck; its quite flexible to the customers who make decision. According to case study, FedEx provide value added service which is pick up documents from customers homes and has document safety hand-held scanner. For example, the staff use hand-held scanner to make sure whether, the document is legal or illegal, and will pick it up as an order with the purpose to protect public safety. (394 words) 5 Question 1.C International trade is defined as trade between two or more countries with exchange of goods and services, that is, exports and imports. No matter which country is, the importance is to find something that can be produced cheaper than other countries (http://www.wordiq.com/definition/International_trade). One of the benefits of FedEx in international trade is enjoy economies of scale (http://www.myownbusiness.org/s13/#4). Exporting product is an excellent ways to enjoy pure economics of scale. It will increase the quantity of production and decrease the average cost of product. According to case study, FedEx operates other centers in Colorado Springs, Orlando, Singapore and Brussels to enjoy lower cost of employees and material. Next benefit for FedEx in international trade is reducing dependency on existing market, because existing market will be limited on sales and opportunity. So, FedEx going globalization might be getting more new markets and opportunity. Besides, it is less affected by fluctuations in the home countrys marketplace and economy, because their business which is spread out overseas does not fully rely on domestic market. For example, FedEx aimed to achieve business-to-consumer (B2C) electronic commerce market in the world, and reduce dependency of business-to-business (B2B) market. Another benefit is being able to be leader of logistic corporate and gain the global market share, able to control the entire market share, have power to give any suggestion and gain good reputation everywhere. FedEx in year 1998 was leader in global logistic field, and it offered the delivery services to 211 countries that comprised 90% of the worlds GDP (Wit, BD Meyer, R, 2004, p.649). 6 The disadvantage of international trade for FedEx is different culture and language, high risk, government barriers (tariffs, quotas, and embargos), it brings a lot of difficulty to FedEx to operate business. (http://www.rajputbrotherhood.com/knowledge-hub/business-studies/what-are-the-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-foreign-trade.html ). One of the disadvantages of FedEx in international trade is high risk, because of large investment capital in system, services, transportations and marketplace. Besides, it will bring high risk to FedEx during operation; it may lose in the first few years. For example, FedEx investments at overnight delivery system with excellent packages, but because of high invest and make losses in the first three years of operation. Disadvantage of FedEx in international trade is hosts country government policy (tariffs, quotas, and embargos). Besides, FedEx will get less profit and cannot smoothly expand their business. For example, Malaysian government will impose high tax to foreign organization during the trading; government aim is to protect domestic organization. (http://www.mida.gov.my/en_v2/index.php?page=taxation-2) The disadvantage of FedEx in international trade is facing different culture and language during the transaction. Even though, FedEx website has provided many different languages for customers to choose. But, during verbal communication its no helpful, because employees disable communication with customer. So, it will affect the organization profit and sales. For example, Japan is used own language Japanese-language. (453 words) 7 Question 2 Question 2.a Strategy Development In FedEx Corporate, strategic development helps to establish the right structure to achieve their objectives. It assists FedEx to determine the condition and position as well and use the correct steps that decide with visionary and conceptual. Strategy development and planning is upgrading the organization with intention to increase the potential of organization. One of the strategy development used by FedEx is Whittingtons perspective. Classical perspective Classical perspective is one of the strategies that classified into Whittingtons perspective. It is used at the beginning of the operation and will more secure and helpful to stabilize the future operations. In the process strategy management for classical perspective is conceived as deliberate, predetermined, planned, programmed movement from now to the future. Assuming an organization without any deliberate plan for each operation, it will have huge amount of losses for the company. It had shown the importance why an organization have to use this strategy as due to the security to the company and is helpful to save cost and time. FedEx Corporate used deliberation as a strategy because it helps to save costs and time from any wrong steps. Deliberation all plans and go through all the relevant survey, it make the corporate confident and more secure to make any decision. Based on case study, Smith was acquired to improve their transportation fleet to avoid any control by third parties, while not like other competitors to sub-contracting to third parties. 8 Evolutionary Perspective In the evolutionary perspective, an organization might become victim or banned by the market when it is over dependent on its environment. Why is this strategy important to an organization? The reason is it includes emergent, flexible, adaptation and evolution. Commonly discussed, an organization surely has to be aware of any unexpected issue, and randomize to cope with the issue or adapt it and evolve for it. An emergent strategy is the process of becoming apparent. Simultaneously, it is a pattern of action that develops over time in an organization in the absence of a specific mission and goals. (http://planningskills.com/glossary/154.php) Where there are no plans, but their behavior is still strategy. In this strategy, it is to develop a manager with no prior intention and experiences, to expose him/her to learn and piece together a consistent set of behaviors over time (Wit, BD, Meyer, R, 2004, p.113). For example, FedEx could not predict the unexpected, but shall retain enough mental freedom to cope with this as they emerge. In the case study, FedEx invested heavily on technologies development and introduced electronic data interchange (EDI) and built relationship between one-to-one with their customers. Thus, it resulted in efficiency and it is a perfect circumstance to match supply to demand without wastage. (429 words) 9 2.2 Question 2.b FedEx used these perspectives to succeed in its operations in the international market and both are helpful in efficiency and controlling the operation. Classical perspective helps FedEx to plan on the operation and operate as well as save on costs and time. Without objectives and plans, an organization would be adrift. Plans are the programming all organizational activities in advance. Classical perspective was helpful in FedEx to operate the logistic services. Evolutionary perspective is an important strategy to FedEx too. With this strategy, FedEx has solved and coped with all unexpected issues. In emergent strategy, it consists of opportunism which copes with unpredictable issues, flexibility, learn by experimentation and others. It makes sense to FedEx to operate successfully in its logistic field. Evolutionary perspective is the best choice that is preferable for FedEx. It provided significant contribution in increasing efficiency during process and operation. Evolutionary perspective was selected as best performance for survival in other markets, especially managerial labor markets, markets for capital and corporate control (Whittington R, 2001, p.16). FedEx is able to maximize the operational areas in a short period with perfect performance against their environment. Besides, this perspective does not rely on managements ability, but expect markets to secure profit maximization for the organization. It does not necessarily utilize planning methods, it rather argues to do best perform for the organizations to survive. Managers need not be rational optimizers because evolution is natures cost-benefit analyses. For Business to Consumer (B2C) areas, FedEx should do survey on customers needs and come out with a plan of promotions to match their needs and satisfy them as well. For example, FedEx also needs to match with todays event such as FIFA World Cup event, therefore, FedEx may create an attraction for those consumers who purchase FedEx delivery services more than three times and above within a week, they are provided lucky draws of free flights to South Africa to enjoy the live FIFA World Cup final show. Thus, an organization survival in a competitive environment depends on strategies of differentiation. (335 words) 10 Question 3 Processual perspective is one of the strategic management which pays attentions to. It defined as characterized by pluralism with means concerning more than one, as well as it not unitary and viewpoint are disagreeing constantly. Processual perspective is a strategy as result of process in political activity for concerned between manager and stakeholder. In Ralph Staceys integrated model, seems the issues of the connection among change context and decision making modes. Besides, it is an implication for strategic management with four loops as following: Rational loop Overt politics loop Culture and cognition loop Covert policies loop * Kindly refer to appendix 4, 5, 6 7 The rational loop According to strategic management, UOS (2004, p.157) stated Ralph Staceys integrated model, the rational loop is a classical starting point of the strategy management. It has to be unitary and everything has to be supported by strong evidence and logical argument. So, every transaction and process is fixed by organization. The processes are strictly based on discover-choose-act, an organization has to discover its position with environment and make choice for necessity, thus, act with to the final requirements. Thus, processual perspective is a strategy that influences the decision making of rational loop but there is shown low. Because every transaction and process are fixed and its needs logical argument to support with strong evidence. So, everyone could not process any transaction without the rules and regulation which are set by the organization. Even top management would not get special offers to enter the transaction. 11 For example, in the Penang Swimming Clubs rules of 40 (c), a member has to settle his/her account within 14 days from the defaulter period. If the account still remains in the unpaid status, membership will be ceased. Even the President is bound by the rules. After cessation, he has to pay RM1000.00 as deposit to reinstate his account to active status. There are no any discounts for committee or even the President of the Club. All the procedures are set by clubs rules, and all members have to follow it strictly with no short-cut procedures. * Kindly refer to appendix 8 The overt politics loop Based on strategic management, UOS (2004, p.157) stated this loop shows reality and overt to the organization resources as well. Nevertheless, the resources in an organization might be limited and possibly inadequate. Therefore, the implementation option in stage of choice, which courses of action, possibly can threaten and subvert the organizations current environment. Besides, some will use their power to bargain with each other to get the resources in the organization to achieve their goals. Processual perspective is acceptable in overt politics loop because there is limit and scarcity of resources. It could give rise to conflicts and make environments challenging each other. So, each department will come to challenge the decision making of the organization with a purpose to obtain the resources prefer to. They could to use different methods to get the resources from the organization, however, use their power to obtain from the organization. For example, in Sime Darby Corporation, those facing financial instability and limitation of capital because of economic crisis in year 2008, each departments proposal to obtain the limited resources, could make the organization get into confusion of decision. Processual perspective is helpful in this situation and to assess every proposal with requirements in details. It makes a difference to an organization to decide where the resources are supposed to go and might make a loss if there are any wrong decisions, due to limited resources. 12 The culture and cognition loop In culture and cognition loop, its to sustain unitary organization in its shared mental of model. As long as everyone is having same organizations thinking and culture, it will bring the organization to be peace and stable. In culture and cognition loop, its depends on the organizations employee culture whether is unitary of non-unitary. Once the organizations employees thinking are not unitary, the processual perspective will shown high, with occur issues or conflict between each other during meeting or propose the ideas to the management. So, processual perspective is acceptable to reduce the conflicts and analyze the problems, thus management able to solve it with better ways. In this loop, the organization needs to provide relevant training and development courses to help the employees become more cooperation attitude and have similar thinking and knowledge as well. Because, when the employees are having equal knowledge for their performance tasks, it will be unitary in their ideas and conflicts will be reducing naturally. Covert Politics loop Based on strategic management, UOS (2004, p 160) stated this section is regarding the psychology of an individual who respond to contradiction and conflict. Obviously, majority of individuals are afraid to something new as they feel threatened to go out of their current environment and situations. Some people fear failure and challenges. Even refuse the new reality once they have lost their confidence for it. 13 Assume as an example in the tailoring industry, the manager planned to replace the entire old machines with new and high technology machines. Some new staff feels good to learn new things, but some old staff would disagree with this because they fear the challenge of new technology. Thus, management could apply processual perspective to estimate and evaluate the issues of the disputation. With processual perspective, it has shown there is high of processual perspective because it had influenced management to manage the old staff with these new machines. Finally, management made the final decision that they should have leader who is able to cope with challenges and is willing to learn. This leader has to guide all staff, especially old staff to train with new machines. Therefore, a leader is must be able to reduce their anxiety and lead to pluralism in an organization. (904 words) 14 LIST OF REFERENCING Electronic Publications Anon, 2007, Emergent Strategy, viewed 29 June 2010 Anon, 2008, Malaysian Industrial Development Authority, viewed 29 June 2009 . Anon, 2009, Porters Five Forces Model, viewed 18 June 2010 Anon, no date, International Trade-Definition, viewed 20 June 2010 . Anon, no date, My Own Business: Advantage and Disadvantage of International Trade, viewed 21 June2010 . Anon, no date, Planning Skills, viewed 24 June 2010 . Anon, no date, GDEX, viewed 24 June 2010 Jones, PB 2008, Five Benefits of Leadership Development For Your Organization, viewed 27 June 2010, Morrison, D, no date, Product Management and Value Chain Analysis, viewed 19 June 2010 Palekar, A no date, Rajput Brotherhood, viewed 27 June 2010 . 15 Book Penang Swimming Club, 2007, Penang Swimming Club Rules, Georgetown Penang, Malaysia. Strategic Management (2004), 2nd version. The University of Sunderland Whittington, R, 2001, What is Strategy- and does it matter?, 2nd edition, Thomas Rennie, London. Wit, BD, Meyer, R. 2004. Strategy: Process, Content, Context. 3rd ed. West Publishing Company. E-book Remenyi, D Remenyi, B. (2009) How TO Prepare Business Cases. [e-book]. Elsevier Ltd, Burlington USA. Available from: http://books.google.com.my/books?id=9rH_SZ6NJsgCHYPERLINK http://books.google.com.my/books?id=9rH_SZ6NJsgCpg=PT119dq=michael+porter+5+forces+modelhl=enei=vPcrTKXDAY-TkAXC1eWYCwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=8ved=0CEoQ6AEwBw#v=onepageqf=falseHYPERLINK http://books.google.com.my/books?id=9rH_SZ6NJsgCpg=PT119dq=michael+porter+5+forces+modelhl=enei=vPcrTKXDAY-TkAXC1eWYCwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=8ved=0CEoQ6AEwBw#v=onepageqf=falsepg=PT119HYPERLINK http://books.google.com.my/books?id=9rH_SZ6NJsgCpg=PT119dq=michael+porter+5+forces+modelhl=enei=vPcrTKXDAY-TkAXC1eWYCwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=8ved=0CEoQ6AEwBw#v=onepageqf=falseHYPERLINK http://books.google.com.my/books?id=9rH_SZ6NJsgCpg=PT119dq=michael+porter+5+forces+modelhl=enei=vPcrTKXDAY-TkAXC1eWYCwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=8ved=0CEoQ6AEwBw#v=onepageqf=falsedq=michael+porter+5+forces+modelHYPERLIN K http://books.google.com.my/books?id=9rH_SZ6NJsgCpg=PT119dq=michael+porter+5+forces+modelhl=enei=vPcrTKXDAY-TkAXC1eWYCwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=8ved=0CEoQ6AEwBw#v=onepageqf=falseHYPERLINK http://books.google.com.my/books?id=9rH_SZ6NJsgCpg=PT119dq=michael+porter+5+forces+modelhl=enei=vPcrTKXDAY-TkAXC1eWYCwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=8ved=0CEoQ6AEwBw#v=onepageqf=falsehl=enHYPERLINK http://books.google.com.my/books?id=9rH_SZ6NJsgCpg=PT119dq=michael+porter+5+forces+modelhl=enei=vPcrTKXDAY-TkAXC1eWYCwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=8ved=0CEoQ6AEwBw#v=onepageqf=falseHYPERLINK http://books.google.com.my/books?id=9rH_SZ6NJsgCpg=PT119dq=michael+porter+5+forces+modelhl=enei=vPcrTKXDAY-TkAXC1eWYCwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=8ved=0CEoQ6AEwBw#v=onepageqf=falseei=vPcrTKXDAY-TkAXC1eWYCwHYPERLINK http://books.google.com.my/books?id=9rH_SZ6NJsgCpg=PT119dq=michael+porter+5+forces+modelhl=enei=vPcrTKXDAY-TkAXC1eWYCwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=8ved=0CEoQ6AEwBw#v=onepageqf= falseHYPERLINK http://books.google.com.my/books?id=9rH_SZ6NJsgCpg=PT119dq=michael+porter+5+forces+modelhl=enei=vPcrTKXDAY-TkAXC1eWYCwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=8ved=0CEoQ6AEwBw#v=onepageqf=falsesa=XHYPERLINK http://books.google.com.my/books?id=9rH_SZ6NJsgCpg=PT119dq=michael+porter+5+forces+modelhl=enei=vPcrTKXDAY-TkAXC1eWYCwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=8ved=0CEoQ6AEwBw#v=onepageqf=falseHYPERLINK http://books.google.com.my/books?id=9rH_SZ6NJsgCpg=PT119dq=michael+porter+5+forces+modelhl=enei=vPcrTKXDAY-TkAXC1eWYCwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=8ved=0CEoQ6AEwBw#v=onepageqf=falseoi=book_resultHYPERLINK http://books.google.com.my/books?id=9rH_SZ6NJsgCpg=PT119dq=michael+porter+5+forces+modelhl=enei=vPcrTKXDAY-TkAXC1eWYCwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=8ved=0CEoQ6AEwBw#v=onepageqf=falseHYPERLINK http://books.google.com.my/books?id=9rH_SZ6NJsgCpg=PT119dq=michael+porter+5+forces+modelhl=enei=vPcrTKXDAY-TkAXC1eWYCwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=8ved=0CEoQ6AEwBw#v=onepageqf =falsect=resultHYPERLINK http://books.google.com.my/books?id=9rH_SZ6NJsgCpg=PT119dq=michael+porter+5+forces+modelhl=enei=vPcrTKXDAY-TkAXC1eWYCwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=8ved=0CEoQ6AEwBw#v=onepageqf=falseHYPERLINK http://books.google.com.my/books?id=9rH_SZ6NJsgCpg=PT119dq=michael+porter+5+forces+modelhl=enei=vPcrTKXDAY-TkAXC1eWYCwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=8ved=0CEoQ6AEwBw#v=onepageqf=falseresnum=8HYPERLINK http://books.google.com.my/books?id=9rH_SZ6NJsgCpg=PT119dq=michael+porter+5+forces+modelhl=enei=vPcrTKXDAY-TkAXC1eWYCwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=8ved=0CEoQ6AEwBw#v=onepageqf=falseHYPERLINK http://books.google.com.my/books?id=9rH_SZ6NJsgCpg=PT119dq=michael+porter+5+forces+modelhl=enei=vPcrTKXDAY-TkAXC1eWYCwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=8ved=0CEoQ6AEwBw#v=onepageqf=falseved=0CEoQ6AEwBw#v=onepageHYPERLINK http://books.google.com.my/books?id=9rH_SZ6NJsgCpg=PT119dq=michael+porter+5+forces+modelhl=enei=vPcrTKXDAY-TkAXC1eWYCwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=8ve d=0CEoQ6AEwBw#v=onepageqf=falseHYPERLINK http://books.google.com.my/books?id=9rH_SZ6NJsgCpg=PT119dq=michael+porter+5+forces+modelhl=enei=vPcrTKXDAY-TkAXC1eWYCwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=8ved=0CEoQ6AEwBw#v=onepageqf=falseqHYPERLINK http://books.google.com.my/books?id=9rH_SZ6NJsgCpg=PT119dq=michael+porter+5+forces+modelhl=enei=vPcrTKXDAY-TkAXC1eWYCwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=8ved=0CEoQ6AEwBw#v=onepageqf=falseHYPERLINK http://books.google.com.my/books?id=9rH_SZ6NJsgCpg=PT119dq=michael+porter+5+forces+modelhl=enei=vPcrTKXDAY-TkAXC1eWYCwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=8ved=0CEoQ6AEwBw#v=onepageqf=falsef=false [Accessed 14 June 2010]. 16 Appendix 1 Porter 5 Forces analysis Sources : http://notesdesk.com/notes/strategy/porters-five-forces-model-porters-model/ 17 Appendix 2 Porters Value Chain Sources : http://allaboutproductmanagement.blogspot.com/2007/04/michael-porters-value-chain-analysis-is.html 18 Appendix 3 Competitor of FedEx Corporation GD Express Sdn Bhd (GDex) was formed in 1997 to provide express delivery service for both the domestic and international markets. It operates a network of 96 stations, comprising 53 branches, 2 affiliate stations and 41 agents throughout East and West Malaysia. GDex has a fleet of more than 280 trucks and vans used primarily for hauling of documents and parcels between stations and the National Hub (termed line-haul fleet) for local pick-ups and deliveries. The companys express delivery service operations are structured along the principles of the Hub and Spoke concept whereby customers packages are collected by the branches, sent by trucks to a Central Clearing Hub for sorting and then redirected to their ultimate destinations. The group currently employs more than 1300 staff. GDex is the first local express delivery company to obtain ISO 9001: 2000 (Quality Management System) certification for all its entire 25 departments in 2003. In November 2009, GDex upgraded its (Quality Management System) to ISO 9001: 2008. In its quest to be a world class service provider, the company has embarked on a world class excellence training programme called the Prime Minister Quality Award programme (PMQA) to equip its employees for world class performance in express carrier service and operations. GDex is listed on the Mesdaq market of Bursa Malaysia through its holding company GD Express Carrier Bhd in May 2005. Sources: http://www.gdexpress.com/history.php 19 Appendix 4 Rational Loop Sources : Strategic Management (2004), 2nd version. The University of Sunderland 20 Appendix 5 Overt Politics Loop Sources : Strategic Management (2004), 2nd version. The University of Sunderland 21 Appendix 6 Culture Cognition Loop Sources : Strategic Management (2004), 2nd version. The University of Sunderland 22 Appendix 7 Cover Politics Loop Sources : Strategic Management (2004), 2nd version. The University of Sunderland 23

Public v. Private Life Essay

In Milan Kundera’s book, Testaments Betrayed, he contends that people act very differently when they are in public compared to their private lives. Milan appropriately emphasizes the need for separation between one’s public and private life, and asserts that the real criminals are the ones who attempt to break that boundary. Logically, people will say and do things when they are alone that would be beyond the realm of appropriate behavior when they are in public. Therefore, I agree with Kundera’s claim that the curtain between these two worlds should not be tampered with and that the curtain-rippers are the actual offenders. There are many times where national chaos and embarrassment has been created through people meddling in the private lives of other people. For example, the paparazzi are constantly trying to expose the personal experiences of countless celebrities. Recently they succeeded with the infiltration of the universal picture-messaging application, Snapchat, as well as Apple’s coveted web-based storage facility, the iCloud. These hackers were able to obtain numerous explicit photographs of renowned actresses, including Jennifer Lawrence and Victoria Justice, and distribute them for the world to see. This is extremely embarrassing to those women and, much to their chagrin, those pictures meant for somebody close and important to them are now being hungrily consumed by the eyes of some 12-year old kid on their laptop. Since this barrier between private and personal life was broken by meddlers, these celebrities are now viewed as indecent, and have lost much of the admiration they had before the incident. How could the exposure of one’s private life to the entire world possibly be considered just? These ladies did nothing wrong, yet they are harshly criticized for their actions because somebody wanted to interfere in their private lives. This incident clearly demonstrates that the insatiable paparazzi, not the innocent celebrities, are the true criminals here. Our nation’s history also holds many instances of interferers meddling in the private lives of our elected officials. One such example would be Bill  Clinton’s affair with Monica Lewinsky. Yes, he did cheat on his wife, but was it really fair to let the entire world know that he did that? When the government was informed about the situation, the president’s unfortunate predicament was broadcast to the entire nation. The situation escalated to the point of unjustified impeachment hearings, but fortunately Clinton was acquitted by the Senate. Clinton nearly lost his beloved wife and his job because his private life was exposed by those who had no right to be sticking their noses into his personal affairs. The peeping Toms that yanked open the curtain between Clinton’s actions backstage and his affairs in the public’s spotlight completely ruined Clinton’s life. If these felons hadn’t intruded, Clinton would have been spared a world full of ignominy and embarrassment. Therefore, it is indisputable that the ones truly at fault are the criminals who exposed Clinton, because his lives, both private and public, were devastated by their irresponsible actions. In summary, past invasions of privacy have shown that many negative effects may result from such rash and unprovoked actions. It is therefore only just and proper that the steel grate between one’s private and public lives remain forever and eternally sealed.

Effects of H-1B Visa Program on Employment and Wage in the United States Essay

The United States is the most powerful country in the world. Its dominant culture, military, and economy make it the most influential nation across the globe. The power of the US doesn’t only come from its native citizens but also from the foreigners who come to its shores every day to work and live there. These people play a very significant role in driving the US economy. A number of national programs have been developed in order to influence the influx of these people into the US. One of those programs is called the H-1B visa program. The program, which allows foreigners to work in the US, has critical effects on various sectors of American society, but especially the economy. Based on the data that have been so far collected, it is clear that the H-1B visa program, in terms of employment in the technology sector, is important in maintaining the status of the country as a leader in science and technology. However, the H-1B visa program may also have negative effects on the wage of native citizens because they would have to compete with the low wages of foreign workers. Many companies in the US needed temporary workers, so the H1 category of non-immigrants was created under the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952. Unlike immigrants, non-immigrants only stay in the US temporarily to accomplish a specific purpose, for instance, education or work. The current H1-B visa program of the United States was created through the Immigration Act of 1990 and the amendment of the 1952 act. The result of the amendment was a program that allows an employer to temporarily hire a foreigner to work in the US provided that he’s under the category of non-immigrants. Also, the worker must have a specialty occupation or be a fashion model with exceptional ability and merit. The law describes a â€Å"specialty occupation† as something that requires theoretical and practical application of a specialized body of knowledge. The worker must also have a bachelor’s degree or the equivalent in specialties such as business, biotechnology, education, health care, medicine, and sciences. The H1-B program currently limits the number of foreign nonimmigrant workers in the US to 65,000 per year (Bartik et al. 134). H-1B’s cap has not always remained the same, however. Congress increased it to 115,000 in 1998 for fiscal years 1999 and 2000. Then in 2000, Congress increased it even further to 195,000 for the 2001 fiscal year. It was maintained during 2002 and 2003, and was slashed to 65,000 again from 2004 onward. Not all foreign workers are affected by the cap, however. The H-1B Visa Reform Act of 2004 states that foreign workers employed by institutions of government research organizations, institutions of higher education and NGOs are exempt from the cap. Also, a separate cap of 20,000 exists on petitions that are filed on behalf of foreigners with master’s or higher degrees earned in the US (Bartik et al. 135). Recently, lobbyists composed of universities and members of the technology industry are pushing for a huge increase in the annual cap of H-1B visas. They argue that H-1B visas otherwise known as â€Å"guest worker visas† serve a crucial role in driving the economy, especially in the high technology sector. According to them, there is a systemic shortage of American engineers and scientists in the country. There is a very high demand domestically for these highly skilled workers and the small supply cannot fill that gap. The only way to solve this problem therefore is through the import of foreign workers through the H-1B visa program (Hira et al. 150). These lobbyists argue that they will be forced to resort to outsourcing jobs to foreign engineers and scientists in their home countries if the H-1B cap is not increased. They also claim that the visa program actually serves as a tool for the country to gather the best and the brightest highly skilled workers in the world. This is supposedly a result that is to be expected if the cap on the H-1B visa program is increased (Hira et al. 150). There are many evidences for the advantages brought about by hiring foreign workers in the technology sector. For example, a 2008 study by the National Research Council looked at the effects of hiring H-1B workers by large US companies Texas Instruments, Qualcomm, Motorola/Freescale, Intel, and IBM. Of the five companies, IBM employed the most number of H-1B workers, granting almost 4,000 in five years. Most applications in the company stated a range of earnings of about $82,072. This was considerably bigger than the other four companies’ average minimum earnings. The researchers thought that the applications were for jobs that were not chip-related since IBM had become a software company from a hardware company (National Research Council and National Academy of Engineering 152). It is clear from the example above that foreign workers in the technology sector do indeed get attracted to the United States through H-1B visas. IBM was hiring more foreign workers than anybody else in the group, and these people were earning higher. However, there are still many â€Å"experts† that love to criticize the H-1B visa program. John McCain and Edward Kennedy defended the H-1B visa program in 2006. The two senators supported the immigration bill that passed the Senate and insisted that their bill required employers to search for workers in the US first. However, their bill actually didn’t have any of these provisions (Hira et al. 152). Indeed, it’s a common misconception that the current law instructs US companies to look for workers in the US first. Many government officials also have this incorrect belief. Senator Norman Coleman, for example, says that he supports the issuance of H-1B visas as long as a number of conditions are met. One, the employer must show that there is not enough US workers qualified for the position; two, that the employer has not laid off a US worker 90 days before or after hiring a foreign worker; three, the employer must demonstrate that they tried to hire US workers before foreign workers; and finally, that the recruitment of H-1B workers will not have adverse effects on the waves, working conditions, and job opportunities of US workers. Even then Senator Barack Obama thinks that the H-1B policy aims to exhaust all means of recruiting US workers before foreign workers. He believed that hiring H1-B workers should be a last recourse for American employers (Hira et al. 152). The truth is however, that the provisions mentioned by the two people above actually don’t exist for the majority of employers who use the H-1B visa program. Even Obama’s wish that employers should hire foreign workers as a last option is not practiced in the real world (Hira et al. 152). Also, according to market indicators, there is not enough evidence of a systemic shortage of resident engineers and scientists in the US, one of the main arguments of lobbyists for the increase in H-1B cap. Also, earnings and wage growth have been moderate and more or less the same as other professions. The unemployment rate, while it sharply increased during the dot-com bubble, has now fallen. Researchers have also supported the idea that there is little evidence of shortage in high technology jobs. Private surveys and public data are also conflicting when it comes to determining shortages. Trade surveys show there are indeed shortages, but public data indicate the opposite (Bartik et al. 137). Determining shortages in scientists and engineers is a real problem because any increase in the number of H-1B visas issued by employers alone is not indicative of a systemic shortage. Other factors contribute to perceived shortages, for example, the growing significance of foreign students in American institutions. These are foreign students who remain in the United States after they graduate to convert their student visa to a working visa. Other equally important factors include: economic growth, cyclical demand in IT industries, especially during the 1990s, and even backlogs in the application process for permanent visa. Employers today are constantly hiring H-1B workers, but that is clearly not enough reason to increase the cap on H-1B visas. Aside from the effects it will have on the wages and earnings of American workers, the increased cap will create some problems in the permanent residency part of immigration because there are already backlogs there (Bartik et al. 137). The influx of H-1B workers into the United States has been going on vigorously since the 1990s. During that time, about 30 million people were able to stay in America through nonimmigrant admissions. The fastest growing nonimmigrant admissions fall under categories where a foreigner first applies as a temporary foreign worker or student. He then tries to find a US sponsor to able to obtain the immigrant visa. Between 1992 and 1998, the number of foreign students admitted into the country with F1 visas rose from 53% to 565,00. The number of trainers and temporary workers also increased from 128% to 372,000 during that period of time (OECD 35).