The National Oceanic And Atmospheric Association Defines...

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association defines captive breeding as â€Å"Raising animals (or plants) in controlled conditions to produce stock for subsequent release into the wild.† Some captive breeding programs include departments within zoos, rescues, and sanctuaries where animals or plants are kept in enclosures and bred to produce future generations of their species. The focus of captive breeding programs is on rare, threatened, and endangered species therefore, it is used as a much-needed last resort strategy. The use of captive breeding for species conservation has become an integral part of the global conservation plan and is employed by modern conservationists. Environmentalist, Robert Swan, once said that â€Å"The greatest†¦show more content†¦The main goal of captive breeding is to help conserve animals that are endangered or threatened in the wild so that a species does not become extinct. By holding the worlds species in captivity, we can save their genetic material from complete elimination. Other advantages of captured breeding include the following: â€Å"A recreation of the natural habitat, protection from predators, and a decrease in illness or malnutrition† that they would otherwise suffer from in the wild (Primrack, 361). Breeding programs also enrich the populations of animal species. Cross breeding can increase the gene pool of an animal’s species, and most importantly, animals that are hurt, injured, or need intense care will receive it in captivity. Captive breeding focuses mainly on threatened species with low diversity. For example, there are many bird species that are declining in population more a nd more every day. The threats that have led to their decline include habitat loss, degradation, invasive species, and exploitation. Researchers found that, â€Å"Sixteen species of birds would have gone extinct in the absence of conservation intervention† (Butchart, 268). Overall, captive breeding slowed their rate of decline and prevented extinction by successfully addressing main threats, such as habitat destruction and pollution. Captive breeding may be a last resort solution however, with the rapid increase of natural

Embers - 1520 Words

Sung Jin Moon Professor Brennan ENGL 110 A6 July 8, 2012 Dusty Nostalgia Humans can be acknowledged as dependent species whom need to necessarily rely on other humans to seek happiness in their life. Majority of happiness are originated from the bond and relationship people make with each other. Values and meanings of relationship cannot certainly be measured with tangible objects; yet, respect and feelings of love can only be obtained by truly understanding one another. In a novel, â€Å"Embers,† the author, Sandor Marai, articulates the true friendship between Konrad and Henrik. The dream, passion, and youth which Konrad and Henrik shared burned furiously until lust and envy within human nature had devoured the burning flame. Even though†¦show more content†¦In spite of forty-one years and forty-three days, Henrik presents himself in front of Konrad as if he was expecting Konrad’s return. Henrik could not have faced Konrad with such confidence, without trusting Konrad wholeheartedly. Assurance of Konrad’s re turn is what motivated and inspired Henrik to wait for forty-one years and forth-three days in his lonely castle. As well as Konrad’s return, solid trust between Henrik and Konrad can be identified during the moment of truth. Even though Henrik knows everything regarding Konrad’s attempt of murdering him and being unfaithful with Krisztina, he desperately holds onto the faith which he has on Konrad. His calm and organized emotions and words can be described in the following passage: All these years I have never doubted that you wanted to kill me, and I’ve always pitied you. I know what you felt so exactly that I could have been standing in your place during that terrible instant when you were overwhelmed (185). No matter how much anger Henrik feels toward Konrad, the feelings of hatred and being betrayed cannot possibly overwhelm the friendship built with absolute trust. Instead of holding grudge against Konrad, Henrik rather chooses to protect the trust which he and Konrad have built up. Trust in their friendship has not only kept them heart to heart for forty-one years and forty-three days, it also guided Henrik to differentiate the darkness from light of their past. Henrik and Konrad’sShow MoreRelatedâ€Å"the City of Ember† Analysis Essay893 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"City of Ember† Analysis This essay will explore the movie â€Å"City of Ember†. The first time I watched â€Å"City of Ember† it was purely for the enjoyment of watching a film with my three young sons. I took little note of the style, texture or structure of the film. However, after having read the text from week one and two and reacquainting myself with the film yesterday I have come to appreciate the film for more than just the family aspect that first drew me to watch. Now I can appreciate the actionRead MoreThe City of Ember904 Words   |  4 PagesThe City Of Ember â€Å"The City Of Ember†, the first â€Å"Book Of Ember†, was written by Jeanne DuPrau and published in 2003. This is a â€Å"science fiction for those who do not like science fiction† (Voice of Youth Advocates, Starred). The story was about Ember, a city underground that is running out most of energy and supplies. Ember is covered by the darkness and colorlessness. In the city of Ember, Lina Mayfleet and Doon Harrow are trying to find a new world that has light. Following the Instruction ofRead MoreEmbers Essay1359 Words   |  6 PagesEmbers: An Analysis of Friendship There are over six billion people on Earth today. Each of those people has countless relationships, which extend further into an immense network of relations among thousands of individuals. These relations can be romantic, professional, unconditional, mutual, or the strongest of all, friendship. Friendship is a term used to denote co-operative and supportive behavior between two or more beings. In this sense, the term connotes a relationship which involves mutualRead MoreThe Giver And An Ember In The Ashes Analysis1161 Words   |  5 PagesThe Giver and An Ember In The Ashes are both fascinating books that revolve around protagonists and the will to change their crumbled societies which is seen as justified by their rulers. Not only are these two books strikingly similar but yet have their own unique storylines and characters. From the genres literature to the last pages, here are some of the overlapping features in both novels. Both stories have a utopian or dystopian setup (although some people disagree if An Ember In The Ashes isRead MoreEvil Embers Essay1953 Words   |  8 PagesOne of the most fundamental and basic philosophical questions that is frequently asked but never seems to evoke answers is what is the essence of good? What defines evil? These two auras dominate our world and culture, can be found in the most basic of conversation, from peasant to president, and yet no one can truly define them. In the poem â€Å"The Tyger† by William Blake, he makes an attempt to illustrate his feelings on evil and all that it represents. There is no definite answer given, yet a pictureRead MoreThe Fall of Rome and Nazi Germany697 Words   |  3 Pageshistory. Political Corruption and the fall of government are one of the main reasons why societies fail. Lina and Doon have found many things in the City of Ember. One of them leading through the pipeworks, to the Mayors â€Å"Secret Hiding Place†. They had discovered that the Mayor had been stealing food from the citizens in Ember, when everyone else actually needed the supplies more than him. Jeanne DuPrau writes,â€Å"I’m worried because the mayor of our city is taking for himself the things thatRead MoreCommunitys Reaction to the Fire in Yackandandah Forest in Campion Descents’ Play Embers728 Words   |  3 PagesEmbers Campion Descents’ play â€Å"Embers† examines the connection between individuals and the community as they react to significant events. The communities’ residents’ reaction to the fire in yackandandah forest, The story of the Blue Duck hotel †¦ and the kangaroo and the story of danny and don †¦ and the horses. Campion uses a wide range of techniques such as repetition, Irony, alliteration and Imagery/onomatopoeia.This is also shown by quotes from Campion’s interview by the abc on the 2003 VictorianRead MoreLevis Strauss Canada Holding an Ember: the Gwg Brand1653 Words   |  7 PagesQ1.Why do consumers buy jeans? What is the buying decision based on? - Jeans were invented in 1873 by Levy Strauss. Consumers’ perceptions about jeans are following: 1. Durable and extra strong-In terms of durability Jeans are considered more durable than other fabric pants .This extra strong image attracts customers for the feel of rough and tough personality. 2. Symbol of rebellion :Blue jeans were adopted as a workers’ jeans and in the 1950 they became a symbol of rebellion when stars suchRead MoreThe City of Ember and Nazi Germany: Two Great Things that Came to an End608 Words   |  2 Pagesfor many reasons; corrupt leaders, Scarce Resources, and illnesses. Here, There are two Great societies, The City of Ember and Nazi germany, They both fell or will fall. And this is in the result of those three things. There are many reasons politically why societies fall, but we will be focusing on Corrupt leaders.In my first society, which is my Dystopian Novel,The City Of Ember. In my book the mayor was corrupt and kept secrets from everyone.â€Å" â€Å"So first mayor will pass the box to the next mayorRead MoreFallen Societies of Germany, China, Sierra Leone, and the Fictional Society of Ember625 Words   |  2 PagesGermany, China, Sierra Leone, and the fictional society of Ember, are all examples of how once great societies fall. All of these societies fell due to corrupt leaders, resource scarcity, and sickness. The society of Ember, China, Sierra Leone, and Germany, have fallen due to corrupt leader, resource scarcity, and sickness. The city is experiencing blackouts and the mayor isn’t trying to resolve the problem and tell the citizens of Ember the truth. â€Å"And the lights flickered, and flickered again

The Psychoanalytic Approach to Personality free essay sample

The Psychoanalytic Approach to Personality Bahiyyah Shabazz PSY/250 August 10, 2011 Renee Jeffery The Psychoanalytic Approach To Personality In order to fully understand personality, one can observe the psychoanalytic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, and Alfred Adler. To comprehend the theories of all three psychologists and how they came about, one must learn how they were studied. According to the Webster’s online dictionary, theories are concepts that are not yet verified, but if true, would explain certain facts or phenomena. Of the three scientists listed, Freud is known to be the most memorable for his pioneering terms, â€Å"The id†, â€Å"ego†, and â€Å"super-ego†, which generated from his beliefs that the mind is separated into these three parts. The id focus on results from urges to gain pleasure without a regard to any consequence. The super-ego focus on morals that are influenced by authority figures, such as a parent or grandparent. The question of what is right or wrong is a determining factor of the outcome and is almost the same as the id. We will write a custom essay sample on The Psychoanalytic Approach to Personality or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The ego can act as a mediator between the id and super-ego. The activities of the world and a person’s surroundings are taken into consideration to promote some balance amongst all three parts of the mind. To better understand the psychoanalytic theories of Freud, one must truly understand his life as it seem to have a lot of influence on his findings as well. Freud was an ambitious scientist who used early childhood experiences to help determine his theories about a human’s personality. Freud was born to an aged father and a very attractive, young mother, in which he adored. Being the third wife of his father, Freud had adult half brothers’ from his dad’s previous marriages that lived close and also adored his mother. At times, Freud would observe his half brothers’ flirt with his mother and could also recall past times when he would see his mother in the nude. It was these early life experiences that would influence Freud’s love and opposed love relations into the theories of his existence. When Freud was only two and a half years old, his mother became pregnant with his sister. Throughout the pregnancy, he became ntrigued about human reproduction. After the birth of his sister, conflict followed since the attention became scarce between Freud and his mother. Not only did he have to share his mother with the older half brothers’ that adored his mother and made it seemingly obvious, but yet another sibling. Sibling rivalry had indeed become an issue. As Freud became an adult, he met a slender young woman that would rese mble his mother, named Martha Bernays. Since he had no money, nor a known status, an immediate marriage was not an option. Consistent with both their Austrian-Jewish culture, Freud and Martha had to abstain from having premarital encounters. Therefore, Freud’s sexual urges could not be satisfied. The two eventually married four years later once Freud became an established young scientist. Once married, Freud often thought deeply about the pressures of having to abstain from sex and how much of an affect it had on his adult life. This experience eventually led him to develop his psychosexual theories of the human persona ten years later. The examination of Freud’s early childhood experiences, repressed sexual behaviors, and unconscious conflicts also questioned the validity of the affect it had on his adult behavior. Freud’s experiences would also influence his ideas of the psychoanalytic approach to personality. Sigmund Freud signified with the phrase Psychoanalysis. Through the theories of interpretation from his early life and examinable treatment methods, he encouraged patients to speak freely about memories, fantasies, dreams and associations. During a frequent time, these theories were considered noble as they were also for Carl Jung and Alfred Adler. In the early 1900’s, Freud was invited to Clark University by the University President, G. Stanley Hall, who was also a well known child psychologist. Since Freud and Carl Jung shared similar interests regarding psychology, Freud invited Jung to accompany him. Jung was interested in Freud’s ideas regarding the interpretation of dreams and Freud was interested in Jung’s association to understand the unconscious behavior. This trip would allow both psychologists to gain notoriety by sharing their theories with the world. Unfortunately, both men would reach an area of conflict about the validity of psychoanalysis. The conflict between the two resulted in their separation as a team and Jung later developed his own analytical psychology that distinguished the personal unconscious from the shared unconscious. Alfred Adler was also a psychologist who was also asked to join Freud’s significant discussion group in the early 1900’s. He was known for studying circus performers and from their examinations, determined that their unusual strengths and weaknesses had a lot to do with organ inferiorities and compensation. Adler wrote multiple papers about organ inferiority that we similar to Freud’s views. However, he deviated from Sigmund Freud’s interpretation of personality by writing about aggression instinct. It was the paper about children feelings of inferiority that insinuated Freud’s sexual notions in his early life is taken more physically than literally. He classified it as being divided between opposing forces, such as the sexual expression and the individual’s super-ego. He eventually looked at personality as a unity, instead of a divided unit between different forces. Throughout Adler’s career as a psychoanalyst, he would continue to revise his concepts of psychoanalysis by performing multiple studies and tests using progressions involving his own knowledge and experiences as did Sigmund Freud. I agree with Freud in regards to the human mind being composed of the three parts: the id, ego and super-ego because when one takes part in any activity, the sole purpose is to gain some type of pleasure. Half the time, this is done without any regards to consequences unless the person’s morals intervene or they are programmed to act the way of their known culture. I also agree strongly with Freud’s theory of early life experiences can be a determining factor of a person’s adult behavior. For instance, the way I watch my father treat my mother can affect the relationship I have with a spouse. The way my parents’ treated me as a child can affect the way I treat my children. Unfortunately, I don’t agree with the psychosexual analysis that was determined by Freud. I understand that having to sustain from sexual encounters caused erotic sexual behaviors for him, but I don’t feel that this theory would develop throughout all men or women. Not everyone allow the pressures of what can or can’t be controlled validate them. The most notable of the three, Sigmund Freud’s observations led him to form controversial, yet, famous theories amongst Carl Jung and Alfred Adler. The components of the psychoanalytical approach to personality include motivation to satisfy sexual energy; unconsciousness from awareness that influence behavior; and preceding encounters that form successive behavior. References The definition of Theory was taken from the Webster’s online dictionary. Webster-dictionary. org Howard S. Friedman (2009) (4th ed. ) Chapters 3, 4 8 Personality: Classic Theories and Modern Research Information was taken from www. ezinearticles. com, subject components of psychoanalytic approach to personality

Thesis paper on rap music. free essay sample

Rap music has become one of the most distinctive and controversial music genres of the past few decades. A major part of hip hop culture, rap, discusses the experiences and standards of living of people In different situations ranging from racial stereotyping to struggle for survival in poor, violent conditions. Rap music is a vocal protest for the people oppressed by these things. Most people know that rap is not only music to dance and party to, but a significant form of expression.It is a source of information that describes the rage of people facing growing oppression, declining opportunities for advancement, changing moods on the streets, and everyday survival. Its distinct sound, Images, and attitude are notorious to people of all areas, races, and cultures. Rap artists like Grandmaster Flash, Run DIM, Public Enemy, Ice-T, N. WA. , Ice Cube, Salt n Peep, Queen Latish, Www-Tang Clan, Snoop Doggy Dog, Tuba Shaker, the Fugues, P-Funk, and many others produced a unique music genre of the urban underclass. We will write a custom essay sample on Thesis paper on rap music. or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Given the relatively low expenses In producing and distributing popular music, black artists and producers themselves have often controlled this mode of casual production and have been able to create a form of communication, originally free of censorship and control by the dominant social groups. Rap is now a major force in hip hop culture that has become a dominant style throughout the world today.Just as ragtime, Jazz, RB, and other black music forms entered mainstream culture earlier In the century, today It Is hip hop culture and Its distinctive sound of rap music that is becoming an important form of music and cultural style across the globe. Hip hop erupted from New York dance and party culture of the 1 sass. Writing yards, producing beats, break-dancing, and graffiti art were the original legs to rap music. Now, with dance and performance, visual art, multimedia, fashion and attitude, hip hop is the music and style for the new millennium.Despite what some critics say, with global popularity Increasing dramatically, hip hop culture Is here to stay. Hip hop culture is intense body culture; it finds its expression in dance and gesture. Hip hop is very energetic and gave rise to new forms of dance, like break-dancing, where gesture and body rhythms provide fluid motions to all different types of musical beats. Hip hop Is a highly vocal culture and rap music provides Its voice. Everyday rhythms and sounds can be turned Into hip hop beats, as well as the sounds of traditional music. With creative use of previous musical technology combined with new musical technologies, hip hop provides a soundtrack for life in a high-tech world. Hip hop is also highly visual, creating its distinctive art form of graffiti and urban art, as well as fashion (B Boy, wild style, and ghetto street culture) that provides strong visual pictures, which also serves as models of fashion. Together, these forms provide style, Identity, politics, and a way of life for IndividualsRap is the voice and sound of hip hop culture; while dance and bodily movement show its rhythms and moves, graffiti presents visual pictures and identity, fashion provides a unique style, videos present hip hops sounds and images, and digitized multimedia helps hip hop move along with the pace of todays technological world. With style, fashion, and attitude, hip hop culture is more than Just music; its a way of life. Rap music influences many other types of music, and has roots in genres including R, funk, soul, regg ae, techno, pop, and house. You can find roots to rap music in he corners of virtually every national culture in the world.Hip hop breaks down the boundaries between music and everyday life. Because of that, rap is becoming popular as part of advertising, film and TV, and the new digital and multimedia culture. As it knocks down borders between musical styles, combining every kind of music genre, rap crosses the national borders of the world becoming a key component of global culture. Rap is currently rocking the casaba and the ghetto, rolling across the mountains and the deserts, hopping across oceans, and flying through cyberspace. In the global popularity scene, hip hop now rules, and is a nominate cultural form in many parts of the world.Rap gives voice to every culture that produces and circulates it, not Just African-Americans. As a new force, rap levels the playing field, opening doors to new cultural players, and ripens for new corporate snakes to pounce on. Circulating ideas, images, sound, and style, it is becoming central to the new multimedia global culture and is an expression of a multicultural world with no borders and limits. A raw expression of urban hip hop culture, rap quickly became the sound of African- American anger, rebellion, cultural style, and experience.Anticipated by the ground- breaking work of the West Coast-based Watts Prophets and New York area Gill Scott Heron (whom I worked for at my senior experience internship at TV Records) and the Last Poets in the early asses, the current configuration of rap emerged out of Sugar Hill Gangs 1979 Rappers Delight and Grandmaster Flashs 1982 hit The Message. Hip hop culture began developing its style and sound in New York party scenes in the Bronx, Brooklyn and other ghetto areas in the late asses. By the asses, a whole cycle of New York-based hip hop and rap artists emerged to public attention, includingGrandmaster Flash, Africa Bumboat, Run DIM, Eric B and Racism, Big Daddy Kane, KIRKS-ONE, Tone Loc, Salt n Peep, Queen Latish, and Public Enemy. Russell Simmons founded his Defy Jam music label, winning wide-spread distribution for many artists now considered old school, representing the first wave of rap. East coast rap ranged from the Black Nationalist ideas of Africa Bumboat and the Zulu Nation, to the radical issues of Public Enemy, to the feminism of Queen Latish, to the emphasis on standards of living by Grandmaster Flash, Run DIM, and KIRKS- One.Yet it should not be forgotten that from the beginning there was a strong impotent of dance and party music connected with rap, that it was always part of a The rap controversy started with the explosion of West Coast gangster rap. Ice-T, the original gangster said it was N. W. A. s 1987 album Straight Out of Compton that brought a more controversial form of gangster rap, discussing the problems and pleasures of what became known as thug life. N. W. A. Was a group of young African- Americans from the hood, including Ice Cube and Easy E rapping, Dry.Deer producing, and DC Yell and Rene performing. N. W. A. Brought attention to a new gangster genre. In turn, Easy E put out his own record and split with the group, Ice Cube and Dry. Deer also separated from N. W. A. And produced their own records, and Segue Knight formed Death Row Records, which released Dry. Dress influential The Chronic in 1992 and then signed on Snoop Doggy Dog and Tuba Shaker, who would become highly controversial rap superstars. Meanwhile, the East coast put out its version of gangster-rap, with the Www Tang Clan creating a sensation through its hard, gritty urban sounds.Sean Puff Daddy Combs and his label Bad Boy Entertainment, featuring The Notorious B. I. G. Brought a NY urban ghetto realism into rap, while the Fugues brought funk and R into the rap sound. A wide range of younger rap artists spun off of these groups and erupted from seemingly every corner of every major city, and even a few suburban areas. In the mid-asses, feuds between East and West coast rap groups broke out with highly publicized shoot outs and the murder of Tuba and The Notorious B. I. G. Following the strange blur of the line between art and life in gangster-rap, with the artists living and dying for the things they said in their songs, a movement to stop the lenience emerged to what became known as New School, or Now School, going beyond the sounds of Old School. New York groups like De La Soul and The Fugues produced less harsh rhythms, more affirmative and romantic lyrics, and new influences of soul, R, and pop. Wesley Jean and Lauren Hill spun off the Fugues to create their own chart-toppers and multiple Grammars, including best album of the year, won by The Insemination of Lauren Hill in 1999.This showed that rap had matured, entered the mainstream, and gained recognition as a global force in culture. Today, rap covers a large spectrum, ranging from the urban fury of gangster rap, to the rural fusion of blues and rap in Arrested Development, to the educated raps about black history of Chuck D, to the poetic and political issues of the Disposable Heroes of Hypocr isy, to the G-funk melodies of Snoop Doggy Dog and celebrations of thug life by the late Tuba Shaker.It is therefore a mistake to identify the genre of rap with its most extreme expressions such as gangs rap, as there are countless varieties of urban rap, suburban rap, rural rap, rap and soul fusions, reggae rap, Latino rap, white rap, and even Christian rap groups. This is one of the most flexible genres, and can be used for a variety of purposes. Yet it is gangster rap, G-funk, or what well call G-rap that is still the cornerstone of popularity. G-rap provided a distinctive language, style, and attitude that made rap a significant, yet controversial form.While break-dancing, graffiti, and other forms of hip hop have declined in significance, rap and the hip hop style embedded in rap performance and music video have become a highly significant part of contemporary Much rap music comes off as aggressive, as singers are seen threatening power trustees, denouncing racial oppression and police violence, and celebrating a diverse realm of black cultural forms, like a gangster lifestyle. With its deep beats, multilayered sound, aggressive lyrics, in-your-face messages, and defiant style, rap is seen as a revolt in its music videos, and recorded forms.Blasting out of boom boxes in the ghettos, roaring from car stereos, and blaring from home sound systems, rap has a variety of sounds that some see as threatening the middle class orde r and status quo of power. Some rap singers have the rebel image through their clothes, heir lifestyles, and in many cases their crimes, serving as a warning of the rage and violence in ghetto communities. But other rap artists engage in political rap, or conscious rap, seeing themselves as knowledge warriors and spokespeople for an oppressed underclass. Rap points to the diversity of the African-American community and is itself a musical genre that makes its audiences aware of the differences between various social groups in U. S. Society and the oppression of the underclass. Although there were rap artists in the asses, it was in the asses that rap became most popular, coming of age during the Reagan-Bush era. As a result of conservative attacks, the asses was a period of intense hardship for blacks as the Reagan right shifted wealth from the poor to the rich, cut back on welfare programs, and neglected the concerns of blacks and the poor.During this period, the standard of living and job possibilities for African-Americans declined, and living conditions in the inner-city ghettos deteriorated with growing crime, drug use, crack cocaine, teen pregnancies, AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases, gangs, and urban violence. Rap music arguably stands between the modern and the postmodern, using stronger techniques of sampling, quotatio n and combination of various sounds for self-expression. Rap has a close relation with musical technologies and can be seen as a form of technocrat.It depends heavily on voice for its effects, but its production involves highly skilled use of new musical technologies. While early hip- hop music mocked the sophistication of disco through the medium of a Dos turntables, and while some early rap was technically underdeveloped, later rap evolved into a highly complex sound, using sampling, multi-track overlay, computers, and a variety of sophisticated mixing techniques. There is, in fact, often not much real or original music, but simply basic drum beats and guitar riffs, overlaid with recorded sounds.Starting around 1987-88, Public Enemy and other rap groups began experimenting with multilayered sound combination, taking sounds from media and everyday life, and mixing them into their beats. So a DC, such as Public Enemys Terminator X, plays an important part in the production of the sound of rap, and is In particular, rap groups sample previ ous music, sometimes respectfully by quotation, sometimes ironically with another song, and sometimes satirically by using Eileen street sounds in a romantic love song.Rap groups regularly sample black classics like James Brown, but also engage in crossover, like with DC Jazzy Jeff and the Fresh Prince ironically sampling the l Dream of Jeannie theme for their rap Girls Anti Untie But Trouble. The group De La Soul created controversy by sampling an Aerostatic song in the early asses, but by now this is accepted as normal. For example, when Cool sampled Cool and the Gangs song Too Hot to make its catchy chorus and lyrics more relevant for the ass: A mind is a terrible thing to waste/That as the slogan/But now its 95 and its Dont forget the Trojan. When listening to rap, you can easily see that most of it has to do with identity and self-assertion. The rap artists frequently call attention to their origins, usually grounded in a particular region like South Central Los Angels, the Bronx, or Compton. There is much awareness and sense of place in rap music. In particular, rap is frequently music of the hood that arises from distinct neighborhoods where identification with place supplements the strong identification with race, which is stronger than the identification with the nation as a whole.The rap singer wants you to know who she or he is, where they are from, what tim e it is now, and what is happening. The images of the music videos show specific urban sites, mostly the ghettos of the underclass. Ice Its videos of the songs in Original Gangster show him in the hood, experiencing the stories he narrates in his songs, as do many videos of N. W. A. , Ice Cube and other ghetto-based rap artists.The images and lyrics show and tell us that it is a time where the differences between the haves and the have-nots are more evident than before; that it is a time of urban crime and violence, a time of nags and drugs, a time of Studs, HIVE, and AIDS, a crazy time of extreme sexuality, a time when the urban underclass is striking out and striking back, and therefore is a tense and frightening time for the culture as a whole. The lyrics and images of rap stars like Ice-T and Ice Cube soon became a significant part of rap as an icon, showing what is going on in the urban underclass and its rage and fantasies at the end of the millennium. Public Enemys music video of By the Time I Get to Arizona shows black revolutionaries going to Arizona to protest the state banning of the Martin Luther King Day holiday and depicts them assaulting white politicians and attempting to bring revolution to the state. Their video of Shut it Down also projects images of black revolution, mentioning the legacy of Karl Marx, Malcolm X, the Black Panthers, and Angela Davis, with the rappers calling for the shutting down of the system of exploitation and oppression.Voice, lyrics, and rhyming are very important in rap, which can be read as an acronym for Rhythm and Poetry. The songs are often long, highly complex, and expressive, continuing a rich African-American tradition of stories with individual variations, influenced by genres such as rag-time, Jazz, and the blues. Rap continues earlier contests to demonstrate verbal flexibility, vocabulary, mental quickness, and creativity. The disusing or mocking of other rap groups, women, and white p oliticians, reproduce the African tradition of the toast or boast, making some rap seem confrontational.Yet other rap artists are like ministers with a message for the audience, which the rapper conveys in distinctive ways. And like in the black church, rappers often have choruses in the background. This lays down a steady, organized message to otherwise confused fragments of speech. Some rappers go as far as to count syllables to ensure their lines flow correctly with the beat and the chorus, while others Just let it flow and adjust their lyrics accordingly. Rap involves an expression of black experience, style, and cultural forms.By the late ass, Rap replaced RB as the most popular music for young blacks, but the largest audience for rap music is white suburban youth, calling to attention the white negro discussed by Norman Mailer in 1957. According to Mailer, this expression is first found in the hipster, the cool white cat who drops out of white culture, emended as a boring conformist, in order to enter the exotic world of black culture with its ministering rhythms and powerful expressions of sexuality and soul.Fleeing from the culture of spiritual death, the white negro finds passion and creativit y in black culture. From Jazz to rock and roll to rap, many white males have identified primarily with black music, language, dress, and style. Young suburban whites identify with rap because they too feel deeply alienated and rebellious, and like to identify with the gangs image, such as the wiggery subculture which integrates the forms of black culture with white racial identities.As Ray Maker, the keyboard player for the Doors put it in a VHF interview, without black culture, Americans would still be dancing tippet-toe to the minuet. Rap groups appear on every continent in various languages and cultures. Drawing on rich African traditions and its rhythms, rhymes, and rebellions, rap is attractive to numerous cultures. Gangster-rap is especially attractive to white youth with its disrespect for the authority, laws, and conformity. It is clear in songs like Ice-TVs Mimic Contract that the microphone is seen as a symbol of power, a gun that enables rappers to engage in warfare. Rap reveals that the word n*egger has been introduced by African-Americans in various ways, either as a positive term of solidarity, as a term of hostility toward a peer, or as a political identity for a member of an oppressed class, such as when Ice-T insists in Straight up N*gag that I am a n*egger, not a colored man, negro, or black, terms widely accepted by white culture that represent conditions faced by blacks, and which a harsh word like n*egger will not let sit.Much rap music attempts to communicate the situation of young blacks in the inner cities, and especially, to call attention to the problem of police violence which they unsung blacks find instead that the cops are there to harass and exploit, and that these guardians of the peace in fact pose one of the gravest dangers to the community. Films like Menace II Society, or the Mark Fuhrman tapes during the CO.Simpson trial, which one African- American commentator described as an appropriate soundtrack for the Rodney King b eating, help portray this. In Body Count, Ice-T satirically reflects on the white utopia of Cozies and Harriet and the Cleavers, as a time and place where cops would help a kitten down from a tree. Nowadays, in the inner cities, Ice-T notes that SSH*t anti like that! Every day, from L. A. O New Orleans, Philadelphia to New York, the complaints of the rappers are confirmed as white police have been caught beating and killing minorities, ordering their execution, imprisoning them on bogus charges and planted evidence, and shaking down their communities for whatever blood money they can extort, often from the poorest of poor. To these conditions, N. W. A. Dedicated their anthem, F*KC that Police! Tuba Shakers Me Against the World paints an especially vivid picture of life in the inner city.Titles like If I die unite and Death Around the Corner describe the anger and paranoia of living in no-peace zones where bullets fly more than birds, while Me Against the World, So Many Tears, and F*KC the World express both sadness and rage concerning this situation. Reminiscing about his past, he says l was raised in the city/ SSH*TTY ever since I was an itty bitty kiddy/ drinking liquor out of my mamas itty/ And smoking weed was an everyday thing in my household/ and drinking liqu or till youre out cold. Shaker regrets his mother and the preachers couldnt save him from a life of drugs, drunkenness, and violence. Although he often appeals to God and affirms struggle ND hope, he condemns the world that has taken so many of his friends (Vive lost so many peers/ shed so many tears) and which threatens to take his own young life at any moment: **** the world cause Im cursed/ Im having visions of leaving here in a hearse/ Will I survive to the morning to see the sun? The paranoia of life is intense: If youre black, youd better stay strapped, or: You want to last? Be the first to blast. The expectation of death is especially heightened in Shakers Death Around the Corner, which opens with his young son asking him why he is standing by the Indo with his gun and the father answering that by saying: My destiny is to die. The rapper explains that l guess Ive seen too many murders and is prepared for more violence at any moment.Still, he is not afraid to die, figuring that any place will be be tter than the ghetto: Dont shed a tear for me II anti happy here. Rap, like some other forms of expression, is a powerful message of racism, oppression, and violence that calls our attention to the crisis of people living in inner cities. Rap also provides a positive black tradition, celebrating black culture, pride, intelligence, strength, style, and creativity. It supplies a voice for a social group excluded from mainstream communication and gives power to members of other social groups to better understand the experiences, anger, and positions within the to break out of the cycle of drugs and violence, accept self-responsibility, and begin to restore their lives and communities in whatever ways possible as they struggle for societal changes. At its worst, G-rap is racist, sexist, and glorifies violence, being little but a money- making vehicle that is part of the problem rather than the solution.Many of its mages and models are highly problematic, such as the gangs rap celebration of the outlaw, pimp, and drug dealer. Some rap is random in its circulation of violence and anger, channeling it against the entire world, while other rap artists correctly target anger against the actual forces of oppression that have historically plagued the black community. In short, G-rap is a part of a much broader hip hop culture that has become a dominant cultural form and style today.Rap can be a destructive type of identity politics, promoting differences between white and black, cops and gangsters, men and women, straight and gay. However, with its heavy emphasis on color, rap music calls attention to the importance of racial difference and focuses attention on whiteness as well as blackness. Rap can force white audiences to reflect on their own racial construction, on the ways that whites oppress blacks, on the ways that they may be constructed against someone else who may be presented in a negative light.Rap is a significant part of the postmodern culture that forces an increasingly multicultural and multiracial society to become aware of its differences. And to learn to live with them. Rap music is highly complex. It is an awesome example of multicultural communication, enabling white audiences to listen to black voices and hear black views that they might otherwise miss. Rap music makes the listener painfully aware of differences between black and white, rich and poor, male and female.Rap music brings to white audiences the uncomfortable awareness of black suffering, anger, and violence. More upscale and privileged audiences are enabled to experience the painful effects of deprivation and pain suffered in the urban ghettos. They can also confront views of mainstream celebrations of wealth and materialism by the in-your- ace counting of their new found wealth by rap artists.The expression of males violence toward women in some rap is a reminder of male violence and the hostile attitudes that many men hold toward women, as its homophobic and racist attitudes indicate that oppressed also have prejudice and anger against other oppressed groups. Very often the oppressed direct their rage against their own people and other groups, which in turn oppresses their own group even more. Rap is a unique form of expression, crossing all boundaries, and an indicator that maybe current societies are structured according to a system of differences between nominate and subordinate classes, groups, races, and genders.Rap music is an anthem of postmodern conflict, a vivid expression of the extent to which difference and opposition are structuring principles of society, and a reminder of the growing differences between the haves and the have-nots. It is the thorn on the rose of is a reminder that all is not well in the home of the brave and the land of the free. Rap reminds us that the red, white, and blue of the flag does not always exactly stand for a multicultural society where the colors of the rainbow complement each other and harmonize, rather then clash.